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Answers to History Series 



OF 



Examination Questions 



FOR THE 



Eighth Grade 



SISTERS OF ST. FRANCIS 
GLEN RIDDLE, PA. 







NOTE. 

N answering these History Questions 
we have consulted the works of 
Lawler, SadHer, McCarthy, Hart, 
Barnes, McMaster, Thomas, Thorpe, Fitch, 
Thalheimer, Andrews, Peterman, Schwinn 
and Stevenson, Eggleston, and Mowry. 

SISTERS OF ST. FRANCIS. 



MAY 12 1915 



CfA398789 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY SERIES 

Set 1. 

1. (a) Coast of SoutJi Ajiierica. Columbus, Ves- 

pucci. 

(b) Xorth Atlantic Coast. The Cabots, Verra- 

zani, Hudson, Gosnold. 

(c) Gulf Coast. De Soto, Cortez, Ponce de Leon, 

De Ayllon, Narvaez. 

2. John Cabot, an Italian by birth, living in Eng- 

land at the time of the discovery of Columbus, 
was commissioned by King Henry VII of Eng- 
land to seek a northern route for the spice 
trade. 
In ^lay, 1497, Cabot sailed from Bristol with his 
son Sebastian, and a number of persons, and 
discovered the continent of America, probably 
on the coast of Labrador, June 24th. Believ- 
ing he had discovered Asia, he landed and 
erected a large cross bearing aloft the flag of 
England. He claimed the entire country in 
behalf of the king of England. A year later, 
April, 1498, he returned and explored the 
coast as far south as North Carolina. Sebas- 
tian continued his father's discoveries, cruising 
from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay. Lik'v' 
all his predecessors, he failed to find the route 
to Asia, but his achievements gave to England 
a title to a vast portion of the New World. 



Between 1500 and 1502, two Portuguese naviga- 
tors named Cortereal went over mucli the same 
ground as the Cabots. 

About thirty years after the discovery by the 
Cabots, the two French explorers, Verrazani 
and Cartier, coasted over the same shores. 

3. The character of the colonists was poorly adapted 

to endure the hardships incident to a life in a 
new country, being mostly gentlemen by birth, 
unused to labor. They had no families, and 
came out in search of wealth or adventure. 
The climate was unhealthy, and, before the 
first autumn, half of their number had per- 
ished. 

4. England had commercial interests in forming col- 

nies. Many of her philanthropic citizens 
sought to establish places of refuge for the op- 
pressed and the poor that lived in the over- 
crowded cities of England. 

Holland planted colonies in America for trading 
purposes. 

Spain, prompted by the love of adventure, a chiv- 
alrous contempt of danger, combined with the 
desire to spread the faith, labored to plant 
colonies in America-. 

5. (a) Causes: — 

(1) The conflicting claims to territory. 

(2) Tlie enmity between England and 

France. 
(n) The settlement of the Ohio Valley. 
fb) TJie resvlfs were: — ■ 

(1) Through it France lost practically all 

her possessions in the New World. 



(2) It taught the colonists to unite for a 

common purpose. 
(:^) It proved that the Provincial troops 

were as fearless and as eapal)le as the 

British regulars. 

(4) It trained a body of colonial officers in 

the art of war. 

(5) It left only England to be conquered in 

the war of independence. 

(6) It created an enormous debt, which 

caused the levying of new taxes. 

6. (a) The leading English generals in the Revolu- 

tionary War were Generals Gage, Bur- 
goyne, Cornwallis, and Howe. 
(b) The three American generals (besides Wash- 
ington) were Generals Schuyler, Gates, 
and Greene. 

7. (a) The Articles of Confederation gave too little 

power to the general government to enable 
it to pay debts incurred during the war. 
(b) Congress could not levy taxes, it could only 
call upon the States to raise money. 

8. (a) The Mutimj Act.— The Mutiny Ad was a \av^ 

made by England ordering the colonists to 
provide the British soldiers with quarters 
and necessary supplies. 
(b) Navigation ^c^.— According to these acts 
colonial trade could be carried on only in 
ships owned in England or in the colonies ; 
certain exports — tobacco, sugar, furs, cop- 
per, and indigo— could be sent only to 
English ports; no goods miglit be carried 



from a port in Europe to America until 
they had been landed at some port in Eng- 
land ; colonists were forbidden to manu- 
facture the wool raised in America, it 
being exj)orted to England, where it was 
woven into cloth and returned to the 
colony. It was forbidden to manufacture 
iron, except in its crude forms, in the col- 
onies, and grain exported to England was 
heavily taxed. 
(c) Minute Men. — The Minute Men were volun- 
teers pledged to be ready for service at a 
minute's notice. 

!). Lafayette. — Lafayette was a French general. In 
1777 he left France for America; entered the 
Revolutionary A¥ar as a volunteer; served at 
Brandywine, Monmouth and Yorktown; was 
sent on a mission to France in 1779 ; and in 
1781 was present at the surrender of Corn- 
wallis. 

Jolui Hancock. — John Hancock was a noted 
American statesman. He was president of the 
Provincial Congress, 1774-75; president of 
Congress, 1775-77; the first signer of tlie 
Declaration of Independence; and Governor 
of Massachusetts, 1780-85 and 1787-93. 

Eli Whitney. — Eli Whitney was an American in- 
ventor and manufacturer. He graduated at 
Yale in 1792, and in the same year went to 
to Georgia and there invented the cotton gin. 
His workshop was broken into and his machine 
stolen and otliers made before he could secure 



a patent. He subsequently made a fortune in 
the manufacture of firearms at Whitneyville, 
near New Haven. 

10. The most important events of Jefferson's admin- 

istration were the purchase of Louisiana in 
1803, from Napoleon, for $15,000,000, and the 
Embargo Act passed by Congress. The Em- 
bargo Act forbade American vessels to leave 
port. This was so injurious to British com- 
merce, but much more to our commerce, that 
after a space of fourteen months the act was 
repealed, but all intercourse with England or 
France was forbidden. 

11. The three departments of government provided 

in the Constitution are the Legislative, Execu- 
tive, and Judicial Departments. 

12. The qualifications for the presidency of the 

United States require that the person (a) has 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, (b) be 
a natural-born citizen, (c) has been fourteen 
years resident within the United States. 

Set 2. 

1. (a) The Declaration of Independence was the 
official declaration of the colonies that 
they were forever independent of Great 
Britain. On the 4th of July, 1776, it was 
adopted by the Congress. 
(b) The Second Continental Congress offered the 
Articles of Confederation. 
This plan was adopted by the Continental 



Congress in 1777, and ratified by the sep- 
arate colonies within the next four years. 
The government formed under this compact, 
which went into effect March 1, 1781, ex- 
pired 'by limitation under the provisions 
of the present Constitution on ]\larch 4, 
1789. 

2. (a) General Burgoyne set out with a large army 
from Canada, intending to capture Alban}" 
and join the British forces in New York. 
Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Ed- 
.ward, and the supplies at Whitehall, suc- 
cessively fell into his hands. General 
Schuyler, in command of the American 
forces, made his journey a difficult one. 

Burgoyne, hearing that the Americans had 
collected large military stores at Benning- 
ton, dispatched one thousand men under 
Colonel Baum to seize them. The brave 
New Hampshire militia and Green Moun- 
tain Boys, under Colonel Stark, were wait- 
ing for them. On the 16th of August the 
Americans met the British. The patriots 
were successful, and this victory enabled 
the patriots to get in the rear of Bur- 
goyne and cut off his supplies from Can- 
ada. 

Burgoyne was in pressing need of supplies, 
and his situation became critical. He at- 
tacked the Americans at Bemis Heights, 
and after a hard battle was defeated. On 
October 7tli, Burgoyne again attacked the 



Americans at Stillwater, but was badly de- 
feated by Arnold. Giving up all hope of 
assistance from Howe, hemmed in on all 
sides, Burgoyne surrendered October 17, 
1777, at Saratoga; 

The purpose of the invasion was to open a 
route from Canada to the Hudson, to com- 
pletely cut off New England from the other 
colonies, and to join General Howe, who 
was to seize Philadelphia, the capital of 
the "rebel government," and thereafter 
move northward. 

The effect of its failure was that it com- 
pletely destroyed the plan of the war, pre- 
vented the English control of the Hudson 
and New York State, secured the aid of 
France, and induced the English to seek 
reconciliation. 

(b) Benjamin Franklin. 

(c) The French dispatched a fleet to our assist- 

ance. The most important engagement in 
which the French troops took part was the 
siege of Yorktown. 

3. (a) Philadelphia was the capital of the United 

States from 1790 until 1800. 

(b) Washington was inaugurated President in 

New York City. 

(c) From Philadelphia the capital was moved to 

the present city of Washington. 

4. (a) By the term ''internal improvements" is 

meant the improving of the navigation of 
rivers, the building of railroads, the dredg- 
insr of harbors, etc. 



10 

(b) The Erie Canal was opened during Jolm 
Quincy Adams' administration. The pur- 
pose of this canal was to open a less costly 
method of trans|)()rtation between the East 
ajid AVest. 
5. See Map No. 1. 

Set 3. 

1. (a) They were dissatisfied with the ceremonies 

of the Church of England, and not being 
able to obtain the religious liberty they 
desired in England, many of them came 
to America. 

(b) On the 21st of December, 1620, they landed 

at Plymouth and there made a settlement. 

(c) Hoping that they might be able to worship 

God without molestation, they fled to Hol- 
land in 1608. In 1620 they resolved to 
emigrate to America, for if they remained, 
they feared their children would acquire 
the speech, habits and manners of the 
Dutch. They knew of the success of the 
Jamestown colony, and decided that the 
New World was an excellent i)lace to es- 
tablish homes for themselves. 
On September 6, 1620, the Mayflower sailed 
from Plymouth, England, carrying the 
second English colony to the New World. 
There were 102 emigrants, less than 90 
of whom could be called Pilgrims. 

2. John Smith saved the Virginia colony from ruin. 

He persuaded the settlers to erect a fort, and 
to l)iiild huts for the winter. He made long 



]] 



voyages, carefully exploring Chesapeake Bay, 
securing the friendship of the Indians, and 
l)ringing hack boat loads of supplies. In the 
<'()iii'so of tlie exploration of the South Sea, 
Smith was captured by the Indians, and taken 
to their chief, Powhatan. Here he was ordered 
to be killed, but was saved by Pocahontas, the 
chief's daughter. Later on Smith was, un- 
fortunateljT", disabled by a severe wound and 
compelled to return to England. 

In the year 1793 a great event occurred in the 
South. Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, then 
living in Georgia, invented the cotton gin. Till 
then, a negro slave could not clean two pounds 
of cotton in a day. With the gin the same slave 
in the same time could remove the seeds from 
a hundred pounds. Whitney 's great invention 
did four things: 1. It stimulated the produc- 
tion of cotton and made it one of the leading 
industries of the country. 2. It increased our 
exports enormously. 3. It caused the building 
of great numbers of cotton mills at the North. 
4. It made a large class, both North and South, 
interested in maintaining slave labor. 

In spite of the panic of 1837, and the slighter 
financial depression that occurred in 1857, the 
period of Expansion and Slavery was one of 
wonderful industrial advancement for the 
nation as a whole. Foreign immigrations, im- 
provements in machinery of nearly all kinds, 
and the great improvement in means of trans- 
portation and communication, together with 
the opening up of the country this caused, were 



12 



all factors in this great industrial advance. 
All these things resulted in the building up of 
great manufacturing and commercial interests, 
in the building of cities, and in the develop- 
ment of new industries. The South did not 
have her share in this general advance. White 
labor was unable to compete with slave labor, a 
fact that not only caused foreign immigrants to 
go into the North and Northwest, but also 
caused many of the white laborers to leave 
their old homes in the South and go into the 
North, where free labor prevailed. The only 
important changes in the industrial conditions 
of the South during this period were the con- 
tinued growth of the cotton industry and the 
firmer establishment of the slavery system. 
The Northern free States in 1860 outnumbered 
the Southern slave States in white population 
by more than two to one. Many cities sprang 
up in the. North, but very few in the South. 
The most important change in social conditions 
was the breaking down of class distinctions in 
the North and the continuance of sharp class 
distinction in the South. During this period 
the division of the Southern people into classes 
remained almost as sharp and distinct as dur- 
ing colonial times. The large slave holders 
continued to be the absolute leaders in politics 
and society. They dominated and controlled 
almost ever}^ phase of Southern life. In the 
North there were no longer any well-defined 
classes among the x)eo2)le. 



13 



(a) The Regicides in Xciv Haven. — In 1661 Wlial- 

ley and Goffe, two of the judges then 
known as '^ regicides," because, during the 
English Civil War (1649) they had voted 
to put the tyrannical Charles I. to death, 
fled to New Haven. King Charles II. sent 
orders to arrest them. Davenport con- 
concealed the judges, and preached to his 
congregation from a passage of the Bible 
containing the words, ' ' Hide the outcasts ; 
betray not him that wandereth. ' ' The ser- 
mon had the effect intended, and the dis- 
appointed officers went back without cap- 
turing the regicides. 
According to tradition, Goffe saved the town 
of Hadley, .Mass. (where he was living 
concealed in 1675), in an Indian attack 
during King Philip's War. The savages 
were on the point of gaining the day when 
a venerable man, mth a long white beard, 
suddenly appeared, rallied the inhabitants, 
and drove off the assailants. He then dis- 
appeared. Some thought they owed their 
victory to an angel. 

(b) The Pequot War. — The colonists had no 

sooner become settled in their new home 
than the Pequot Indians endeavored to per- 
suade the Narragansetts to join them in 
a general attack upon the whites. Roger 
Williams hearing of this, on a stormy 
night set out in his canoe for the Indian 
village. Though the Pequot messengers 
were present, he prevailed upon the old 



M 



Narragansett chief to remain at home. So 
the Pequots lost their ally and were forced 
to fight alone. They commenced by mur- 
dering thirty colonists. Captain Mason, 
therefore, resolved to attack their strong- 
hold on the Mystic River. His party ap- 
l)roached the fort at daybreak (June 5, 
1637). Aroused by the barking of a dog, 
the sleepy sentinel shouted ' ' Owanux ! 
Owanux! (the Englishmen!)" but it was 
too late. The troops were already within 
the palisades. The Indians, rallying, made 
a fierce resistance, when Captain Mason, 
seizing a firebrand, hurled it among the 
wigwams. The flames quickly swept 
through the encampment. The English 
themselves barely escaped. The few In- 
dians who fled to the swamps were hunted 
down. The tribe perished in a day. 
(c) About eleven years after the Pilgrims landed, 
Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and 
others, obtained from the Earl of War- 
wick a transfer of the grant of the Con- 
necticut Valley, which he had secured 
from the Council for New England. The 
Dutch claimed the territory, and, before 
the English could take possession, built a 
fort at Hartford, and commenced traffic 
with the Indians. Some traders from 
Plymouth sailing up the river Avere 
stopped "by the Dutch, who threatened to 
fire upon them. But they kept on and 
established a post at Windsor. Many peo- 



Jo 



pie from Boston, allured by the rich 
meadow lands, settled near. In the 
autnmn of 1635, John Steele, one of the 
proprietors of Cambridge, led a pioneer 
company ''out west," as it was then called, 
and laid the foundations of Hartford. 

Rohert de La Salle. — Robert de la Salle explored 
the Great Lakes and the Upper Mississippi. 
Not satisfied he sailed down the Illinois. Enter- 
ing the Mississippi, he passed the mouths of 
the Missouri and the Red River and then 
reached the mouth of the Mississippi. Claim- 
ing all the land drained by the river for the 
king of France, he named this vast region 
Louisiana in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. 
Illinois, the 21st State, was first settled by 
La Salle. 

Alexander Hamilton. — Alexander Hamilton was 
the secretary of the treasury during Washing- 
ton's Administration. On account of the ex- 
traordinary expenses of the war, vast sums 
had been expended by the Continental Congress, 
and also by the various States. Hamilton pro- 
posed that the L^nited States should pay off 
all indebtedness. It Avas maintained by many 
that the States should pay off their own debts, 
Congress having no authority' to do so. The 
measure, however, became a law finally through 
the efforts of Hamilton. Hamilton also pro- 
posed the establishment of a national banl^: to 
act as financial agent of the government, which 
after considerable opposition was founded at 



36 



Philadelphia. Hamilton also succeeded in 
having a mint established in Philadelphia. 

Roger Williams. — Roger Williams founded Prov- 
idence, Rhode Island, saved Massachusetts from 
an Indian War, established entire religious 
liberty in Rhode Island and secured for it a 
liberal charter. His principle of freedom of 
worship now forms a part of the Constitution 
of the United States. 

Lord Baltimore. — Lord Baltimore, an English 
Catholic, came to America to escape persecution. 
He obtained from King Charles a grant of 
land lying north of the Potomac River, and 
his brother made a settlement in 1634 near the 
mouth of the river. 

The name of the new settlement was St. 
Mary's. The charter gave to freemen a voice 
in making the laws. In 1649 the ''Toleration 
Act" was passed, which allowed all to worship 
God as they thought best. This liberality 
caused Maryland to become an asylum for per- 
secuted persons. 

7. (a) The French and Indian War lasted from 
1754 to 1763. 

(b) The cause was to settle the dispute between 

the French and English as to which nation 
owned the region west of the Allegheny 
Mountains along the Ohio River. 

(c) In the treaty of peace made in Paris in 1763, 

France gave to England the whole of 
Canada, except two small islands, with a 
share in the fisheries, all her possessions 



17 

east of the Mississippi except New Orleans 
and an adjacent strip of territory. She 
gave all the territory west of the Missis- 
sippi with New Orleans to Spain; Spain 
gave np Florida to England in exchange 
for Havana, w^hich the English had cap- 
tured during the war. 

8. In 1783 the United States consisted of the thirteen 

original States, the Northwest and the South- 
west Territory. It extended from the Atlantic 
to the Mississippi and from Canada to Florida. 

9. The Louisiana Territory was purchased from 

France for $15,000,000 during Jefferson's ad- 
ministration, in 1803. 

Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000 
during Monroe's administration, in 1819. 

Texas, ha^ang gained her independence from Mex- 
ico, applied for admission into the Union. The 
United States annexed Texas in Tyler's admin- 
istration, in 1845. 

10. A constitution is the fundamental or organic law 

of a country. 
It was framed by the Constitutional Convention 

which met in Philadelphia, May 25, 1787, and 

adjourned September 17, 1787. 
It was drawn up to provide for a true central 

government with power to enforce its laws and 

regulations independently of the States. 

11. (a) Mason and Dixon 's Line . — Mason and Dixon 's 

Line separates Maryland from Delaware 
and Pennsylvania, 39 degrees, 43 minutes 
North Latitude. 



(b) NortJiwest Territovy. — This land included all 

the public land north of the Ohio. It em- 
braced the present States of Michigan, 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and 
part of Minnesota. 

(c) Gadsden Purchase. — The Gadsden Purchase 

included about 44,000 square miles of the 
territories of Arizona and New Mexico, be- 
tween the Gila River and our present 
boundary. 

(d) Porto Rico. — Porto Rico is an island of the 

West Indies, east of the island of Haiti. 
12. (a) The United States in January, 1898, had sent 
Captain Sigsbee, in command of the battle- 
ship Maine, to pay a friendly visit to 
Havana. On the night of February 15, 
1898, the Maine, while lying in the harbor 
of that port, was destroyed by an explo- 
sion. Two officers and 264 of her crew 
were killed. The United States appointed 
a Naval Court of Inquiry to make an in- 
vestigation. After a careful examination, 
the Court reported that the Maine was 
destroyed by the explosion of a submarine 
mine. It has not yet been proved, but it 
was generally believed that the destruc- 
tion of the vessel was caused by the Span- 
iards. At any rate, it served to arouse 
the American people and hastened the war 
for the independence of Cuba. 
(b) The Monitor was an ironclad steam battery, 
consisting of an iron hull covered by a 
projecting deck, and surmounted by a re- 



39 



volving turret protectiug the guns, de- 
signed by John Ericsson. On March 9, 
1862, occurred the battle between the 
^Monitor and the Merrimac which resulted 
in a draw that was equivalent to the vic- 
tory for the Monitor. This short conflict 
brought about a revolution in naval war- 
fare the world over. 

(c) Mason and Slidell, two Confederate commis- 

sioners, bound for England and France, 
sailed from Havana for Europe on the 
British ship Trent, in November, 1861. 
They were sent to secure the aid of Eng- 
land and France for the Confederacy. 
Captain Wilkes of a United States sloop 
of war stopped and boarded the Trent, 
and took off Mason and Slidell. Great 
indignation was expressed throughout 
England at the act, and war was im- 
minent. President Lincoln disavowed the 
act, however, and the commissioners were 
placed upon another English ship and sent 
to England. 

(d) The Monroe Doctrine, in American Politics, 

is the doctrine of the non-intervention of 
European powers in matters relating to 
the American continents. It received its 
name from statements contained in Presi- 
dent Monroe's annual message to Congress 
in December, 1823. 
13. I mean June 14th, the day on which we honor the 
National Flag. It commemorates the anni- 
versary of the adoption of the Flag. 



20 



Set 4. 

The members of the United States Senate are now 
elected by the people, not by the State legisla- 
tnres. The members of the House of Repre- 
sentatives are elected by the people of the 
States, each State having as many congressional 
districts as the apportionment made by Con- 
gress since the last census was taken. 

The thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amend- 
ments resulted from the Civil War. The first 
abolished slavery; the second declared the 
blacks citizens; the third gave them the right 
to vote. 

Frcdcrickshurg. — The Battle of Fredericksburg, 
although a failure for the North, is noted for 
the heroic valor displayed by the Union troops 
in trying to take the stone wall of the Confed- 
erates by assault. This fruitless massacre 
occurred on December 13, 1862. 

SJiiloh. — The Battle of Shiloh Avas a sudden attack 
made by the Confederates under Jolinston, on 
the Union army under Grant moving toward 
Memphis and Charleston Railroad. It was a 
Union success, April 6, 1862. 

Murfreeshoro. — The Confederates under Bragg 
made a raid into Eastern Tennessee. The 
Unionists under Rosecrans left Nashville and 
met Bragg at ^Murfreeshoro. Both generals 
had planned the same mode of attack but it 
ended in a Tmion success and Bragg 's attitude 
became defensive. This occurred December 
31, 1862, and January 2, 1863. 



21 

Antietam. — The Battle of Antietam was the 
result of a raid into Maryland of the Confed- 
erates under Lee. They were met by McClellan 
and although the battle was undecisive, its 
effect was a Union victory. Lee retired across 
the Potomac, and thus the North was saved 
from invasion, and Washington from danger 
of attack, September 17, 1862. This deter- 
mined Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Pro- 
clamation. 

Bull Run.—GeneTal Winfield Scott was in com- 
mand of the Union army. He ordered General 
McDowell mth thirty thousand men to attack 
the Confederates, under Beauregard, stationed 
at Bull Run or Manassas Junction, about thirty 
miles south of Washington. The battle was 
fought Sunday, July 21, 1861. At the outset 
the Union forces drove back the Confederates, 
but the latter were rallied by General T. J. 
(Stonewall) Jackson. At the critical moment, 
fresh troops under General Johnston arrived 
for the Confederates and struck the Union 
forces on the flank. The latter broke and fled, 
demoralized and panic-stricken, to the defenses 
of Washington. The defeat caused dismay 
throughout the North. 

The Second Battle of Bull Eun was fought 
between Lee who threatened Washington and 
Pope who defended it. The Union army was 
defeated and the way to W^ashington opened 
to the Confederates, August 26, 1862. 

Lee decided to attempt for the second time the 
invasion of the North. General Meade was 



given command of the Union Army. On July 
1, 1863, the Union army and Confederates met 
at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. The battle 
raged for three days and resulted in the defeat 
of the Confederate arm^^ It was the greatest 
battle of the Civil War, and among the greatest 
of the world's battles. The fighting on both 
sides was heroic. The killed, wounded, and 
captured in this terrific battle amounted to 
48,000. A severe rain storm set in, during 
which Lee retreated across the Potomac. 
Gettysburg marked the turning point of the 
war, and put an end to Northern invasion. 

5. See Map, No. 2. 

6. The Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization in 

the South to frighten the superstitious colored 
people and to prevent the negroes Ironi voting. 
The Ku Klux Klan was active chiefly in North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Ar- 
kansas. 

7. When the office of President becomes vacant the 

order of succession is as follows: Vice Presi- 
dent, Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, 
Secretary of War, the Attorney-General, Post- 
master-General, Secretary of the Navy, and 
Secretary of the Interior. 

8. Length of President's term is four years. 
Length of Senator's term is six years. 
Length of Representative's term is two years. 

9. The doctrine of States' Rights refers exclusively 

to the right claimed by a State before the Civil 
War to withdraw from the Union or to declare 



23 

a law of Congress unconstitutional or to nul- 
lify a national law within its borders. 
10. Gettysburg. — The Battle of Gettysburg marks 
the end of Northern invasion by the Confed- 
erates. It occurred in 1863. 

Appo7)iattox. — The surrender of Lee's army took 
place at Appomattox in 1865. 

Antietam. — ^^General Lee had invaded the North 
and the Battle of Antietam was the result. 
Lincoln made a solemn vow before God, that 
if General Lee was driven back from Maryland, 
he would crown the result by the declaration 
of freedom to the slaves. 1862. 

Hampton Roads. — Hampton Roads is noted for 
the battle between the Monitor and the Mer- 
rimac. It was the first contest between iron 
vessels and gave a death blow to wooden war- 
ships. It occurred in 1862. 

Jolni Brown. — The bitterness of feeling between 
the slavery and antislavery men was intensified 
by the John Brown raid. With 19 followers 
he seized the United States arsenal at Harper's 
Ferzw, October 16, 1859. His enterprise was 
a failure. This created a bitter feeling in 
the South where it was believed to be the 
beginning of a general movement for the libe- 
ration of the slaves. 

Set 5. 

1. Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Sec- 
retary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster- 
General, Secretary of Na\y, Secretary of In- 



24 

terior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of 
Commerce, and Secretary of Labor. 

2. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses 

shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- 
ments to this Constitution, or, on the applica- 
tion of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the 
several States, shall call a convention for pro- 
posing amendments, which, in either case, shall 
be valid to all intents and purposes, as part 
of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legis- 
latures of three-fourths of the several States, 
or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as 
the one or the other mode of ratification may 
be proposed by the Congress. 

3. (a) General McDowell fought the First Battle of 

Bull Run. 

(b) General McClellan fought the Battle of An- 

tietam. 

(c) General Burnside fought the Battle of 

Fredericksburg. 

(d) General Hooker fought the Battle of Chan- 

cellorsville. 

(e) General Meade fought the Battle of Gettys- 

burg. 

(f) General Grant fought the Battle of the 

"Wildernessi. 

4. See Map, No. 3. 

5. See Map, No. 3. 

6. It is a line made by Mason and Dixon, two sur- 

veyors, to separate Maryland from Pennsyl- 
vania and Delaware. It is also famous as the 
division between the Slave and Free States. 



25 

7. The Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg. The 

first put an end to the Northern Invasion and 
is generally regarded as the turning point of 
the war. The latter secured for the Union 
army control of the Mississippi from its mouth 
to its source and cut the Confederacy in twain. 

8. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 

9. (a) 12 April 1861.— The Confederates fired the 

first gun at Fort Sumter. 

(b) 22 September 1862. — Lincoln issued a pro- 

clamation announcing that if the seceded 
States did not return to the Union before 
January 1, 1863, ''all persons held as 
slaves within any State . . . the people 
whereof shall be in rebellion then against 
the United States shall be then, thence- 
forward and forever, free." 

(c) 3 July 1863. — Battle of Gettysburg. 

(d) 9 April 1865. — Surrender of Lee at the Ap- 

pomattox Court House. 

(e) 14 April 1865. — Assassination of President 

Lincoln on the night of April 14, 1865. 
10. The Alabama was one of the most noted of the 
British cruisers. She was purposely built for 
war against the United States by British sub- 
jects in a British port. An English captain 
took her to the Azores where other English 
vessels brought her arms, ammunition, and the 
Confederate Captain Semmes with additional 
men. 
Putting out to sea, he read his commission and 
announced his purpose. After capturing over 



26 

600 vessels, he sailed to Cherbourg, France. 
"While there, he sent out a challenge to the 
national ship-of-war Kearsage. This was ac- 
cepted and a battle took place off that harbor. 
Captain Winslow of the Kearsage, so maneu- 
vered that the Alabama was compelled to move 
in a circular track, while he trained his guns 
upon her with fearful effect. On the seventh 
rotation, the Confederate vessel ran up the 
white flag and soon after sank. Captain Wins- 
low rescued a part of the sinking crew, and 
others were picked up by an English yacht. 

Set 6. 

1. See Map, No. 4. 

2. Men are social, reasonable, and moral beings and 

for each of these reasons they are fitted for 
society and law. Law is a rule of action laid 
down by the supreme power. But law cannot 
exist without government. Hence the necessity 
of government. 
The highest object of government is to secure 
the rights of the people, and perpetuate its 
own existence. 

'1 386 =: the number A received. 

150 -f 75, or 235 = the number B and C re- 
ceived. 
161 = A 's majority. 
386 — 150, or 236 = A's plurality. 
A's majority means the number he has more than 
all the other candidates, that is, the number 



27 



by which his vote exceeds the combined votes 
of all the other candidates for the same office. 
A's plurality is the number of votes that he has 
in excess of his next highest competitor. 

Union. 
4. Legislative. — Congress composed of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives. Senate 
presided over by the Vice-President of the 
United States. The House presided over by 
the Speaker chosen by the House itself. 
Executive. — President of the United States. 
Judicial. — The United States Supreme Court of 
which the Chief Justice is the Head. 

State Government. 
Legislative. — Senate and House of Representa- 
tives. 
Executive. — Governor of the State. 
Judicial. — State Supreme Court. 

County Government. 

Legislative. — ^Board of Supervisors or County 
Commissioners. 

Executive. — Board of Supervisors or County Com- 
missioners and Sheriff, District Attorney, 
County Clerk, County Treasurer, School Com- 
missioners, Coroner. 

Judicial. — County Court presided over by a 
County Judge. 

r). One of the powers of Congress is to provide for 
the general welfare of the United States. An- 
other power is to cede to States unoccupied 



28 



lands b'ii^o within their boundaries, for school 
purposes. This gave rise to State universities, 
agricultural colleges, and a common-school 
system, each State controlling education within 
its own limits. 

The United States government maintains an 
academy at West Point for the education of 
army officers; an academy at Annapolis for 
the education of naval officers; a school for 
deaf mutes at "Washington, D. C. ; a school 
in connection with the Signal Service at Fort 
Whipple, Ya. ; and schools for the education 
of Indians. Congress in 1867, established a 
Bureau of Education at Washington, which col- 
lects educational information, and publishes 
it for the benefit of education in all parts of 
the country. 

A bill may become a law through any one of the 
three following processes: — 

First Process. 

(a) The bill shall pass both houses of Congress. 

(b) It shall then be presented to the President. 

(c) If he approve, he shall sign it. 

Second Process. 

(a) The bill shall pass both houses of Congress. 

(b) It shall then be presented to the President. 
(e) If he disapprove it, he shall return it, with 

his objections, to that house in which it 
originated. 

(d) That house shall enter objections at large on 

its journal. 



29 



(e) They shall proceed to reconsider it; and if, 

after such reconsideration, two-thirds of 
the house shall agree to pass it, 

(f) It shall be sent, with objections, to the other 

house. 

(g) The other house shall reconsider the bill. 
(li) If approved by two-thirds of that house, it 

shall become a law. 
(i) The votes of both houses shall be determined 

by the yeas and nays in all such cases. 
(j) The names of the persons voting for and 

against the bill shall be entered on the 

journal of each house respectively. ■ 

Third Process. 

(a) The bill shall pass both houses of Congress. 

(b) It shall then be sent to the President. 

(c) He neglects to approve and sign it. 

(d) He also neglects to return it to the house in 

which it originated. 

(e) It becomes a law at the end of ten days (Sun- 

days excepted), unless Congress, by ad- 
journment within that time, prevents its 
return. 
Note. — If he receives the bill less than ten days be- 
fore Congress adjourns, and refuses either to sign or 
to veto it, the bill fails to become a law. This is called 
'^a pocket veto." 

The Supreme Court is that in which the judicial 
power of the United States is vested. It is the 
highest court in the land, and was established 
by the Constitution itself. If consists of nine 
judges. The first judge is the Chief Justice 
of the United States, Edward White, and the 



30 



other judges are the eight associate justices, 
Joseph McKenna, Oliver W. Hohnes, Win. 
Day, Horace Lurton, Chas. Hughes, W. Van 
Devanter, Joseph Lamar, Mahlon Pitney. 
(Answers will vary. The above was true in 
1913.) 

8. The secession of the States was the immediate 
cause. The question of slavery was the remote 
cause. 

y. On March 3, 1864, General Grant was made 
Commander-in-chief of all the forces of the 
Ihiion Army. 
10. Lee surrendered the army of Northern Virginia 
to Grant at Appomattox Court House, seventy- 
five miles west of Richmond, April 9, 1865. 
The surrender of Lee marked the end of the 
Civil War and led to the unification of the 
nation, and of sectional feeling. 

Set 7. 

1. ''Carpet-Bagger'' is a nickname given by South- 

erners to Northern adventurers who went South 
after the w-ar (with no baggage or property 
except a carpet-bag) for the purpose of secur- 
ing control of political affairs, the}^ set up 
governments that were a disgrace to Republican 
institutions. Enormous debts were contracted 
and money was spent lavishly and corruptly. 

2. ''No Surrender Grant."— In February 1862, 

General Halleck authorized General U. S. 
Grant and Flag Officer Foote to make a joint 
expedition against Fort Henry on the Ten- 



31 



nessee. But Foote arrived first and captured 
the fort, whereupon Grant marched to Fort 
Donelson, on the Cumberland, and after three 
days of sharp fighting was asked by General 
Buckner what terms he would offer. Grant 
promptly answered: ''No terms except uncon- 
ditional and immediate surrender can be ac- 
cepted. I propose to move immediately upon 
your W'Orks. " Buckner at once surrendered, 
and Grant won the first great Union victory 
of the war. 

From that time on, the people called General II. 
S. Grant — "Unconditional Surrender Grant," 
or "No Surrender Grant." 

The Battle of Lool^out Mountain. — Bragg, confi- 
dent of victory, besieged Rosecrans in Chat- 
tanooga, taking his position on ^Missionary 
Ridge and Lookout Mountain, cutting off the 
Union source of supplies. The Federal army 
w^as in a most dangerous position, and Rose- 
crans Avas superseded by Thomas. Sherman's 
forces were brought from Vicksburg. Hooker 
arrived with 23,000 fresh troops from Virginia 
and Grant assumed command. In this battle 
for the only time in the Civil War, Grant, 
Sherman, Sheridan, and Thomas were present 
together. "The Battle of Lookout Mountain" 
was the grandest ever fought west of the 
Alleghanies. It covered an extent of thirteen 
miles; Grant having over 65,000 men, the Con- 
federates about 45,000. 

The Union troops charged (November 2-i) the 
heights of Lookout Mountain, where Bragg 's 



32 



forces were posted. The clouds had settled 
over the mountain, and hence the engagement 
is called the "Battle above the Clouds." 
Bragg was totally defeated and retreated. 
The Confederate forces were also attacked 
(November 25), the Federal soldiers sweeping 
up the heights and carrying all before them. 

Early in the spring of 1862, Captain Farragut 
with a fleet of over forty vessels, carrying a 
land force under General Butler, attempted 
the capture of New Orleans. Farragut boldly 
resolved to carry the fleet past the defenses of 
New Orleans. A chain supported on hulks 
and stretched across the river closed the 
channel. An opening having been cut through 
this obstruction, at about three o'clock in the 
morning (April 24) they advanced, and poured 
grape and canister into the forts, receiving in 
return heavy volleys from the forts on shore. 
They next encountered the Confederate fleet of 
twelve armed steamers. In the desperate 
struggle nearly all the Confederate flotilla were 
destroyed. The fleet then steamed up to New 
Orleans, which lay helpless under the Union 
guns. The forts, being now threatened in the 
rear, soon surrendered. 

Vickshurg Campaign. — Grant moved down the 
west side of the river, while his gunboats ran 
the batteries. These extended for miles along 
the bank. Reaching a safe point' below the 
city, the Union army was taken across in boats. 

Moving with his usual vigor, Grant attacked and 
defeated Pemberton at Port Gibson, as he was 



33 

advaiK'ino^ to the relief of Vieksburg. Hear- 
ing that Johnston Avas marching to Peniber- 
ton's aid, Grant threw his army between the 
two. By this he shut up Pemberton in Vieks- 
burg beyond reach of help, and drove. back 
Johnston by defeating him at Jackson. 
Two determined assaults having been made upon 
Vicksburg without success, Grant laid regular 
siege to it. The Confederates held out until 
the starvation point was reached and all hope 
was gone. Then, on the 4th of July, 1863, 
General Pemberton surrendered his garrison. 

6. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. 
The Fourteenth Amendment made the negroes 

emancipated during the Civil War, citizens of 
the United States. 
The Fifteenth Amendment gave the negroes the 
right to vote. 

7. It is an unalterable provision of the Constitution 

which says, "No State, without its consent, 
shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate." The composition of the Senate is 
the result of a compromise between the larger 
and smaller States represented in the Consti- 
tutional Convention. 

8. It was the intention of the authors of the Consti- 

tution that the Senate should be a far more 
grave and dignified body than the House. All 
were in favor of a term sufficiently long to 
insure the office dignity, stability, and inde- 
pendence. 



;54 



9-10. Ulysses Simpson Grant was born in Ohio, April 
27, 1822. He was graduated from AVest Point 
in 1843, and served in the Mexican War nnder 
both Taylor and Scott. He resigned from the 
army in 1854, and entered mercantile life ; but 
at the breaking out of the Civil War, he volun- 
teered and was soon made a brigadier-general; 
his capture of Fort Donelson brought him 
prominently before the country. He was 
created lieutenant-general in 1864, and general 
in 1866. He was elected President in 1868 
and re-elected in 1872. He died at Mt. Mc- 
Gregor, New York, July 23, 1885. 

Set 8. 

1. (a) See Set 5, No. 9 (b). 

(b) The battle of Gettysburg began July 1, 1863. 

(c) See Set 5, No. 9 (d). 

(d) See Set 5, No. 9 (e). 

(e) See Set 5, No. 9 (a). 

2. See Set 5, Question 1. 

3. Battles of Gettysburg, Chattanooga, and Vicks- 

burg. 

4. Johnson recognized the State governments that, 

during the war, had been formed in Virginia, 
Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana, under the 
protection of the Union army. In the other 
States, he appointed provisional Governors, and 
authorized the calling of conventions to form 
loyal governments. These conventions accord- 
ingly met, repealed the ordinances of secession, 
repudiated the Confederate war debt, and rat- 



35 



ified the amendment which Congress had of- 
fered abolishing slavery. On these conditions, 
Johnson claimed that the States, having never 
been legally out of the Union, should be re- 
stored to their rights in the Union. He also 
issued a proclamation of pardon to those who 
had engaged in secession, except certain classes, 
on the condition of taking the oath of allegiance 
to the United States. 

See Map Xo. 4. 

The frigate IMerrimac, which had been taken by 
the Confederates, was converted into an iron- 
clad ship fitted with a beak to run into an 
enemy's vessel. The Merrimac, being ready for 
trial, sailed out of Norfolk harbor, March 8, 
1862. In Hampton Roads, near by, were four 
or five of the best ships of war in the United 
States navy. The new sea monster attacked 
these ships, and though they rained shot and 
shell on her, they could make no impression 
upon her iron sides. She ran into the Cum- 
berland and sunk her. The others would have 
met a similar fate had not night come on, when 
the Merrimac returned to Norfolk. This news 
spread dismay in the North. 

About two hours after the IMerrimac had left 
Hampton Roads for the night, a strange little 
craft, named the ^lonitor, arrived from New 
York. She seemed altogether unable to cope 
with so formidable an antagonist as the Mer- 
rimac; but the next day when the Merrimac 
came out from Norfolk, the Monitor was ready 



36 



to meet her. After a fight of four hours, the 
Merrimac retired to Norfolk, and did no more 
damage. This short conflict brought about a 
revolution in naval warfare the Avorld over. 

The People. — Each State shall appoint, in such 
manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, 
a number of electors, ecjual to the whole num- 
ber of Senators and Representatives to which 
the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but 
no Senator or Representative, or person hold- 
ing an office of trust or profit under the United 
States, shall be appointed an elector. The 
electors are chosen by a plurality of "the popu- 
lar vote of each State. 

The Electors. — The electors shall meet in their re- 
spective States, and vote by ballot for President 
and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
themselves; they shall name in their ballot the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct 
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; 
and they shall make distinct lists of all persons 
vot(^d for as President, and of all persons voted 
for as Vice-President, and of the number of 
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 
government of the United States, directed to 
the President of the Senate. 

Congress. — The President of the Senate shall, in 
the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted ; the person having 



37 



the greatest number of votes for President, 
shall be President, if such a number be a ma- 
joT-ity of the whole number of electors ap- 
l)()iii1e(l; aiul if no one have sucli majority, 
tlien from the persons having the highest num- 
bers not exceeding three on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Represen- 
tatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the representa- 
tion from each State having one vote ; a quorum 
for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
members from two-thirds of the States, and a 
majority of all the States shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of R/epresentatives 
shall not choose a President whenever the right 
of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of jMarch next following, then the 
Vice-President shall act as President, as in the 
case of the death or other constitutional dis- 
ability of the President. 

8. The right of citizens of the United States to vote 

shall not be denied or abridged by the United 
States or by any State, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

9. See Set 6. No. 6. 

10. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 

Set 9. 

1. (<i) France had long wished for an opportunity 
to revenge herself for the loss of her 
American })Ossessions ; she had been se- 



38 

cretly aiding the Americans, and on the 
news of the surrender of Burgoyne, she 
listened to the advances of Benjamin 
Franklin, whom the Congress had ap- 
pointed minister to France. Early in 
1778, she signed a treaty of alliance with 
the United States acknowledging their 
independence, and agreed to send to 
America a fleet and an army of 4,000 men. 

(b) In America the immediate effect of this 
alliance was to inspire the people with 
ncAV courage, and make them refuse any 
overtures for peace that did not clearly 
acknowledge the independence of the 
States. It also led to the evacuation of 
Philadelphia by the British. The French 
alliance, moreover, divided the attention 
of England, and kept her from increasing 
her army in the colonies. It also greatly 
helped the financial credit of the Ameri- 
cans. 

2. (a) The greatest event of Jefferson's administra- 
tion Avas the purchase of Louisiana. In 
1763 Spain received this territory from 
France and held it for 37 years. In 1800 
Spain ceded it back to France. As the 
great West relied upon the Mississippi to 
carry its products to the sea, Jefferson 
feared the establishment of a strong power 
like France at the mouth of the Miss- 
issippi. He therefore sent an envoy to 
France to buy New Orleans and that part 



39 



of Louisiana east of tlie Mississippi. 
Napoleon had planned the re-establishment 
of a colonial domain for France, but cer- 
tain of a renewal of war between France 
and England and aware that he couUl 
not hold Louisiana against Enghmd's 
strong naval power, and being in pressing 
need of money, he lost his interest in this 
colonial jDroject and sold Louisiana to the 
United States for $15,000,000. 
(b) By a most wonderful combination of circum- 
stances the area of the United States was 
doubled in extent, and the country given 
the opportunity to expand without fear 
of foreign enemies; this purchase estab- 
lished forever the power of the United 
States. 

3. (a) Ralph Waldo Emerson. — Ralph Waldo Emer- 
son was born at Boston in 1803 and died 
at Concord, Mass., in 1882. He was a 
celebrated American essayist, lecturer, and 
poet. His works Avere: '^Essays on Lit- 
erary and Moral Subjects," "The Humble- 
bee," "The Chickadee," "The Concord 
Hymn." He was graduated at Harvard 
College in 1821 and became a Unitarian 
clergyman in Boston in 1829. In 1833 he 
commenced his career as lecturer whicli 
continued for more than thirty years. 
(b) Henrjj W. Longfellow. — Henry W. Long- 
fellow was horn at Portland, Maine, in 
1807 and died at Cambridge, Mass., in 



40 



1882. He was a distinguished American 
poet. He graduated at Bowdoin College 
in 1825. He traveled in Europe and be- 
(,'auie x>i'ofessor of modern hinguagcs at 
Jiowdoin and afterwards at Harvard Col- 
lege. Three of his principal poems are 
''Evangeline/'* "The Song of Hiawatha," 
and "Tales of a Wayside Inn." 

4. (a) 1. That California should come in as a free 

State. 

2. That the territories of Utah and New 

Mexico should be formed v/itbout any 
provision concerning slavery. 

3. That Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to 

give up its chum on tlie territory of 
New Mexico. 

4. That the slave trade, but not slavery, 

should be prohibited in the District of 
Columbia. 

5. That a Fugitive Slave Law should be 

enacted providing for the return to 
their owners of shives escaping to a free 
State, 
(b) By Compromise is meant a settlement by 

arbitration or by mutual consent readied 

by concession, on both sides. 

5. See Set 4, No. 4. 

6. (a) A Tariff. — A tariff is a schedule or list of 

duties, imposed b}" the government upon 
goods imported. 
(b) A Tariff for B.evenue Only. — A tariff for 
reveiuie onl}^ is a light tax imposed merely 



41 



to obtain mone}^ or revenue for the govern- 
ment. 
(e) A Protective Tariff .— -A jn'otective tariff is a 
lieavy tax imposed on iiii})orte(l goods for 
the purpose of protecting home manufac- 
tures against foreign competition. 

7. (a) The Missouri Compromise provided that 

Missouri should be admitted as a slave 
State, but that slavery should be prohibited 
in all other territories west of the Missis- 
sippi and north of parallel 36 degrees 30 
minutes, the southern boundary of Mis- 
souri. 
(b) See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 

8. (a) See Set 2, No. 4 (b). 

(b) In 1846 Hoe perfected a rotary printing press 
which received the name of Hoe's light- 
ning press, and subsequently invented the 
Hoe web-machine or perfecting press. 
Before this time the printing press at a 
great expense of labor would print on one 
side about 250 sheets per hour. Hoe's in- 
ventions led to the perfection of a new 
steam perfecting press Avhich will in the 
same time turn out 96,000 four-page news- 
papers printed on both sides, folded ready 
for delivery. 

9. (a-b) See Map, No. 5. 

10. (a) Charles Sumner. — Charles Sumner, of Mas- 
sachusetts, was a leader of the antislavery 
forces in the Senate, and in an address 
on Kansas affairs he made not only an 



42 



attack on South Carolina, but also bitter 
personal allusion to Senator Butler, of 
that State. A kinsman of Butler, Kepre- 
sentative Brooks, determined to avenge the 
insult. Walking up to the desk at whicli 
Sumner was at work, he repeatedly struck 
the senator on the head with a cane. Sum- 
ner fell to the floor seriously wounded, and 
for almost four years could not resume his 
seat in the Senate. He was a prominent 
leader in the Free Soil party and one of 
the founders of the Republican party. 
(b) JoJin Green-leaf Whiftier. — John Greenleaf 
Whittier was born in Massachusetts in 
1807 and died in New Hampshire in 1892. 
He was a distinguished American poet and 
author; a member of the Society of 
Friends. He was a leading opponent of 
slavery, and while in Philadelphia edited 
the "Pennsylvania Freeman." Some of 
his best known works are ''Snowbound" 
and ''Maud Muller." 



Set 10. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 
tude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof 
the person shall have been duly convicted, shall 
exist within the United States, or any place 
subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 



43 

2. On November 17, 1880 (Hayes' administration), 

two treaties were made at Peking, China, be- 
tween the Chinese government and a commis- 
sion from the United States, 1, providing that 
this countr}^ might place restrictions upon the 
entrance of laborers from China; 2, establish- 
ing commercial intercourse and judicial pro- 
cedure. 

3. "Bon't give up the ship." — Captain James 

Lawrence in the battle between the Chesapeake 
and the Shannon, after being mortally 
wounded, was carried off the deck. As he left 
the deck he exclaimed, ''Don't give up the 
ship." 

^'1 li'ould rather he right than be President of the 
United States." — Henry Clay after making the 
''Compromise Bill" was iraportuned not to 
take the course he did, and assured that it 
w^ould lessen his chances for the presidency, he 
nobly replied, "I would rather be right than 
be President of the United States." 

'^Liberty and union, noiv and forever, one and in- 
separable." — Daniel Webster, in his memorable 
debate on the doctrine of State rights with 
Hayne, used these words, "Liberty and union, 
now and forever, one and inseparable. ' ' 

''We have met the enemy and they are ours." — 
Captain Perry was given command of the flo- 
tilla on Lake Erie in 1813. His flagship 
engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the 
English and fought them till but eight of iiis 
men were left. He helped tliese to fire the 



44 



last gun, and leaping into a boat bore his flag 
to the Niagara. Breaking through the enemy 's 
line, and firing right and left, Avithin fifteen 
niiiHites after lie mounted tlie deck of the 
Niagara, the victory was won. Perry at once 
wrote to General Harrison, ^'We have met the 
enemy and they are ours." This laconic dis- 
patch produced intense excitement throughout 
the country. 
^'I cannot tell a lie.'' — When Washington was a 
little child he was given a small hatchet as a 
gift. With it he cut down his father's favorite 
cherry tree. When questioned by his father, 
he said, "Father, I cannot tell a lie. I did it 
with Tin' little hatchet." 

William Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Abraham 

Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley 

died while Presidents. 
Thomas A. Hendricks, Garrett A. Ilobart, James 

S. Sherman died while holding the office of 

Vice-President. 
Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, 

Lincoln, Grant, Cleveland and McKinley. 

(Roosevelt served out McKinley 's second term 

and was elected another term.) 

In this country the people are everywhere under 
two governments, the State and the National 
government. The United States is a republic, 
and so, also, is each State. Each State has 
given up to the nation those powers and duties 
which naturally belong to a nation in its rela- 
tion with foreign ])()wers, as the right to make 



45 



war or treaties, and also has given up the power 
to make laws on subjects in which all the people 
in the country are interested together, as com- 
merce, the coining of money, and patents. But 
the State retains all the powers it has not given 
up, and both State and National governments 
are independent of each other, each in its own 
sphere. 
6. The ''Dred Scott Decision" was a celebrated deci- 
sion of the Supreme Court of the United States, 
which derived its importance from its bearing 
on the constitutionality of the Missouri Com- 
promise of 1820. Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, 
who had been taken to the territory covered by 
the Missouri Compromise, and had, therefore, 
sued for his freedom, was sold to a citizen of 
another State. He then transferred his suit 
from the State to the Federal Courts, under the 
power given to the latter to try suits between 
citizens of different Sta,tes, and the case came 
by appeal to the Supreme Court. The decision 
of the Supreme Court, w^hich was published in 
1857, put Scott out of court on the ground that 
a slave, or the descendant of a slave, could not 
be a citizen of the United States or have any 
standing in the Federal Courts. The opinion of 
the chief justice also attacked the validity of 
the Missouri Compromise, on the ground that 
one of the Constitutional functions of Congress 
was the protection of property; that slaves 
were recognized by the Constitution as prop- 
erty ; and that Congress was, therefore, bound 
to protect slavery in the Territories. 



4G 

7. (a) John Brown. — The raid on the United States 

arsenal at Harper's Ferry. 

(b) General Sherman. — Sherman's March 

through Georgia to the Sea. 

(c) John Ericsson. — John Ericsson invented the 

Monitor. 

(d) General Meade. — General Meade won the 

great battle of Gettysburg. 

(e) Alexander Stephens. — Alexander Stephens 

was Vice-President of the Confederacy. 

8. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 

9. The war settled at least two questions: 1, that 

slavery was forever abolished ; 2, that no State 
could leave the Union. 
10. Congress shall have power: 

(a) To regulate commerce with foreign na- 

tions, and among the several States, and 
with the Indian tribes. 

(b) To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

(c) To declare war, grant letters of marcjue 

and reprisal, and make rules concerning 
captures on land and water. 

(d) To raise and support armies. 

(e) To provide and maintain a navy. 



Set 11. 

1. See Set 8, No. 4. 

2. (a) In 1619, the captain of a Dutch trading 

vessel brought to the colony the first cargo 
of negro slaves, 
(b) It was of much profit to the South after the 
invention of Whitney's cotton gin, as cot- 



47 



ton tliLTi became one of the leading in- 
dustries of the countiy, and the negro 
seemed particularly fitted for that work. 
(c) In 1820 there Avere in the Union eleven slave 
States and eleven free States, giving to 
each the same power in the Senate. In 
the House of Representatives, the free 
States, because of their rapidly increasing 
population, were obtaining mastery. The 
slave States resolved to hold their power 
in Senate by refusing to admit a free 
State unless a slave State was admitted. 
After admitting Missouri as a slave State 
and Maine as a free State, the question 
was settled by what is known as the 
Missouri Compromise. 

3. According to the provision of the Fugitive Slave 

Law, United States officers on the oath of an 
owner or his agent couk\ seize a colored person 
anywhere and turn him or her over to the 
claimant. Even years of residence in a free 
State gave the negro no rights whatever. The 
slave could give no testimony and could not 
demand trial by jury, while heav.y penalties 
could be inflicted on any one assisting a slave 
to escape. 
Dred Scott Decision. — See Set 10, No. 6. 

4. See Set 4, No. 1. 

5. General Robert E. Lee was born in Virginia, 

January 19, 1807. He was a son of General 
Henry Lee, the ''Light Horse Harry" Lee, of 
Revolutionary fame. He was graduated from 



48 



West Point in 1829. He served in the Mexican 
War, was superintendent of West Point, 1852- 
1855, and commanded the forces which cap- 
tured John Brown at Harper's Ferry. He 
resigned his commission in the United States 
Army when it was clear that Virginia woukl 
secede from the Union. He was given the 
command of the army of northern A^irginia, 
June, 1862. By his remarkable military skill, 
l)articularly in defence, he did more than any 
other man to strengthen the Confederacy. He 
opposed Grant, and surrendered to him at 
Appomattox, April 9, 1865. After the war he 
became president of Washington and Lee Uni- 
versity^, Lexington, Virginia, which office he 
held until his death, October 12, 1870. 

In 1775, General Braddock led an expedition 
against Fort Duquesne. He was a British 
officer, brave, but harsh and conceited. He 
sneered at Washington when the young Vir- 
ginian warned him that the Indians did not 
fight like regular soldiers. He thought it very 
presumptuous in this young man to give hitn 
advice. 

When within less than ten miles of the fort, 
Braddock 's army was suddenly assailed by 
hundreds of Indians and French in ambush. 
The Virginians sprang behind trees and rocks 
and began fighting after the manner of tlie 
Indians. This enraged Braddock, who ordered 
them to come out and fight like Englishmen. 
He struck several with his sword, and for three 



49 



hours kept his soldiers firing b.y platoons when 
their enemies were nowhere in sight. 
No man could have shown greater bravery than 
Braddock. He had four horses killed under 
him, and was on his fifth when he fell dead 
from the saddle. Every officer on Braddock 's 
staff was killed or wounded, except Washing- 
ton. He exposed himself with the same fear- 
lessness as his commander. Two horses were 
killed under him, and his clothing was pierced 
repeatedly by musket-balls. Finally, the 
British regulars broke into a wild panic and 
fled. Washington covered the retreat and 
saved the remnant of the army. 

The winter of 1777-78 was unusually severe and 
was the gloomiest period of the war. Washing- 
ton's army shivered and starved in their rags 
at Valley Forge, while Howe and his army 
held high revel in Philadelphia, twenty miles 
away. The Continential currency in which 
the patriots were paid was almost worthless. 
Few of the soldiers had au}^ bedding, and 
many could not obtain even straw. Their 
food was flour mixed with water. When they 
moved they left their bloody footprints in the 
snow. Soldiers, who were enfeebled by hunger 
and benumbed by cold, slept on the bare earth. 
Sickness followed. With no change of cloth- 
ing, no suitable food, and no medicines, death 
was the only relief. Amid this terrible suffer- 
ing, the fires of patriotism burned brightly. 
Washington felt that his cause was just, and 



inspired all around liini ^Yitll his sublime faith. 
Agents of the British were constantly trying 
to bribe the soldiers to leave the patriotic army 
and return to the king. A conspiracy was 
formed against Washington to displace him 
from his command. It failed in its purpose 
and Washington rose higher than ever in the 
esteem of his countrymen. 

8. (a) Navigation Acts. — Navigation Acts were 
laws proliibiting the importation of com- 
modities into England in any ships except 
those belonging to England, and that their 
sugar, tobacco, and indigo were to be 
shipped to no other country than England. 
Finally, it was enacted in 1663 tliat 
European products should not be received 
into the colonies from foreign vessels. A 
strict enforcement of these laws was made 
in 1761. 

(b) "No taxation ivitJioiit representation.'' — In 

1765 the delegates from nine of the col- 
onies met in New York and v^-rote a decla- 
ration of rights and grievances which 
was sent to the king and to both of the 
Houses of Parliament in England. The 
declaration said, among other things, tliat 
only the rei^resentative colonial assemblies 
could impose taxation, hence the cry "no 
taxation without representation. ' ' 

(c) Tlie Stamp Act. — The Stamp Act was a law 

ordering that stamps bought of the British 
government slioukl be put on all legal 



51 

dociiments, newspapers, pamphlets, etc. 

The object was to secure a revenue to the 

English government at the expense of the 

colonies. 
9. Hcnnj Clay. — Henry Clay was born in A'irginia, 
April 12, 1777. He had only a limited school 
education, studied law, and when about twenty 
removed to Kentucky, where he rose rapidly 
in his profession. He was a member of the 
State Legislature; twice sent to the United 
States Senate to fill vacancies, and in 1811 
entered the House of Representatives, of which 
he was immediately chosen Speaker, an honor 
which has never been bestowed on a new^ mem- 
ber since. He was an active supporter of the 
war with Great Britain, and it Avas largely 
due to his influence that Congress passed the 
declaration of war. He w^as one of the Peace 
Commissioners in 1814, was Secretary of State 
under J. Q. Adams and again Senator. He 
is know^n as the "Great Compromiser" from 
his skill in arranging compromise measures, 
also as the ' ' Great Pacificator. ' ' He was one of 
the most popular political leaders that the 
country has known. He died in 1852. 
Henry Longfelloiv. — See Set 9, No. 3. 

Invention. Inventor. Eesult. 

Facilitates sending of 
1837-EIectnc Telegraph S. F. B. Morse important messages. 

Wlieat cultivation be- 
1833 — Harvestinop Machine Cyrus McCormick n. i -, 

^ -^ came more profitable. 

Lightened the labor of 
1846 — Sewing Machine Elias Howe 

*= sewing. 



52 



Set 12. 

1. After the second battle of Bull Run, Lee deter- 
mined to invade the North, and crossing 
the Potomac entered Maryland. McClellan 
hastened to head oft' Lee, and the forces met 
at Antietam Creek. A bloody battle was 
fought, each side losing about 12,000 men, 
killed and wounded. McClellan won the vic- 
tory, as he stopped the advance of Lee, who 
now retired across the Potomac. 
After the victory of Chancellorsville, Lee, con- 
fident of victory, hurried past Hooker, entered 
Maryland, and crossed the line into Pennsyl- 
vania. Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washing- 
ton were threatened, and the people of the 
North Avere thoroughly alarmed. Hooker was 
removed from his command, and Meade took 
charge of the army. The forces met at Gettys- 
burg. For three days the fighting was in- 
tense. On the third day Lee decided to strike, 
if possible, a decisive blow. About midday he 
opened on the Federal lines a terrific cannon- 
ade from 130 cannon and after an hour 
ordered a charge of Pickett's brigade, 17,000 
strong, upon the center of the Union line. 
Onward across the plain swept the grays, while 
against them cannon and musket poured their 
deadly fire. Lee, seeing the hopelessness of 
trying to break the Union lines, now fell back 
and retreated across the Potomac. 

2. See Set 10, No. 9. 

3. See Set 10, No. 10. 



53 

4. See Set 5, No. 1. 

5. See Set 8, No. 3. 

6. See Set 8, No. 6. 

7. The Draft. — By the summer of 1863, the novelty 

of the war had worn off, and enlistments for 
the army were decreasing rapidly: so it was 
deemed necessary to resort to conscription or 
a draft. There was much objection to this, 
especially in New York, where, on the loth 
of July, 1863, there was a serious riot, and 
the mob practically had control ■ for several 
days. During this time about fifty build- 
ings were burned, over $2,000,000 worth of 
property destroyed, and a number of lives 
sacrificed. In the South, conscription had been 
first resorted to in April, 1862. All men be- 
tween the ages of 18 and 45 years, except those 
physically or mentally unfit for service, were 
subject to military service. By the second law, 
passed February, 1864, all white men between 
17 and 50 Avere enrolled. 

8. December 2, 1859, John Brown was executed by 

the Commonwealth of Virginia for the seizure 
of the United States arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry, Virginia, with a view of arming the 
negroes and inciting a servile insurrection. 

9. The Nullification Acts were resolutions passed by 

a number of the Southern legislatures de- 
nouncing the new tariff of 1828. They stated 
that a State had the right to nullify—that is, 
declare null and void— a law of Congress, if 
it believed that the Constitution did not give 



54 



Congress the right to pass that law. They 
considered the Constitution a mere compact 
or contract between the different States, in 
1832 South Carolina passed a Nullification 
ordinance declaring the tariff law ''null anu 
void," and that the State would secede from 
the Union if force should be employed to col- 
lect any revenue at Charleston. President 
Jackson acted with his accustomed prompt- 
ness. He issued a proclamation to South 
Carolina, announcing his determination to exe- 
cute the laws, and ordered troops to Charles- 
ton. 

10. By General P. G. Beauregard, who had command 
of the Confederate troops at Charleston, April 
14, 1861. 

Set 13. 

1. See Set 8, No. 7. 

2. See Set 1, No. 12. 

3. Battle of Bull Run, 1861. 
Battle of Antietam, 1862. 
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863. 
Battle of Nashville, 1864. 
Battle of Five Forks, 1865. 

4. The battle of the Monitor and Merrimac brought 

about a revolution in naval warfare the world 
over, for it was seen that wooden vessels were 
helpless against ironclads, and every maritime 
nation began to build ironclads. 

5. See Set 10, No. 7 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e). 



Set 14. 

1. See Set 8, No. 7. 

2. (a) TheA^ both open with words telling- who are 

ordaining and establishing the Constitu- 
tion. 
(b) The preamble of the constitution of Penn- 
sylvania expresses the gratitude to God 
and invokes His guidance; that of the 
United States expresses the reasons for 
w^hich the constitution was ordained and 
does not mention God. 
Preamble of the Constitution of the United 
States : 

''We, the people of the United States, in 
order to form a more perfect union, establish 
justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide 
for the common defense, promote the general 
welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to 
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the United 
States of America." 
Preamble of the Constitution of Penns\dvania : 
''We, the people of the Commonwealth of 
Pennsjdvania, grateful to Almighty God for 
the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and 
humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution." 

3. Terms of Senators and Bepresentatives. 

Sec. 3. "Senators shall be elected for the term 
of four years and Representatives for the 
term of two years. ' ' 



56 

Qualifications of Senators and Representatives. — 
Kesidence. 

Sec. 5. ''Senators shall be at least twenty-five 
years of age and Eepresentatives twenty- 
one years of age. The}^ shall have been 
citizens and inhabitants of the State four 
years, and inhabitants of their respective 
districts one year next before their elec- 
tion (unless absent on the public business 
of the United States or of this State), and 
shall reside in their respective districts 
during their terms of service." 

(a) See Set 10, No. 1. 

(b) See Set 8, No. 8. 

(a) A Bankrupt. — A bankrupt is one Avho owes 

more that he can pay, especially when the 
question of his inability to pay his debts 
has been judiciall}^ ascertained. 

(b) Naturalization. — Naturalization is that legal 

process by which an alien or foreigner be- 
comes a citizen of the United States. 

(c) A Veto. — A veto is a document or message 

communicating the reasons of the execu- 
tive for not officially approving a proposed 
law, 

Andrew Jackson's leading political principle was 
the spoils system which made public office a 
reward for part}^ services. 

The antislavery principle was strongly advocated 
by Sumner. 

On May 15, 1776, Congress decided to suppress 
every kind of authority under the crown, and 



57 

the colonies were asked to make for themselves 
new State governments. On June 7, Richard 
Henry Lee offered in Congress this resolution : 
''Resolved that these United States are, and 
of a right ought to be free and independent 
States." The motion was seconded by John 
Adams, and a committee of five, with Jefferson 
as chairman, was appointed to draw up the 
declaration. On July 4th the Declaration of 
Independence was adopted by Congress. It 
is the official declaration of the colonies that 
they were forever independent of Great 
Britain. 

Set 15. 

J. Five, since Oregon has two Senators and three 
Representatives. 

2. On the first Monday of June, 1916. 

^i. He must have attained the age of 25 years, and 
been seven years a citizen of the United States 
and must when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in w^hich he shall be chosen. 
The length of his term of office is two years and 
his salary $7,500 per annum and a mileage of 
twenty cents per mile each way to and from 
the seat of government. 

4. Congress is composed of the Senate and House 
of Representatives. The members of the 
Senate shall be chosen from each State by the 
people thereof. 
The members of the House of Representatives 
shall be chosen by the people of the several 
States. 



58 



5. The President shall have power to fill up all vacan- 

cies that may happen during the recess of the 
Senate, by granting commissions which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. He 
shall have power to grant reprieves and par- 
dons for offenses against the United States, ex- 
cept in cases of impeachment. He shall have 
power, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the Senators present concur. 

6. See Set 5, No. 2. 

7. The legislative, executive and judicial. 

8. All legislative power shall be vested in a Congress, 

which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Eepresentatives. 

The executive power shall be vested in a President 
of the United States. 

The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- 
gress may from time to time ordain and 
establish. 

9. By ''referendum" is meant referring of legis- 

lation to the people for final rejection or 
acceptance. 

Set 16. 

1. Oregon is entitled to two Senators and three 

Representatives. 

2. Majority means more than half of all the votes 

cast. 
Plurality means more than the next highest 
candidate received. 



59 

3. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 

enjoy the right : — 

(a) To a speedy and public trial, by an impartial 

jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which 
district shall have been previously as- 
certained by law. 

(b) To be informed of the nature and cause of 

the accusation. 

(c) To have compulsory process for o])taining' 

witnesses in his favor. 

(d) To have assistance of counsel for his defense. 

4. See Set 1, No. 12. 

5. See Set 14, No. 5 (c). 

6. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the 

United States. 

7. See Set 15, No. 7. 

8. It is the right to vote. 

9. Patent Right. — A patent right is the sole right 

granted to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, 
for the term of seventeen years, to make, use, 
sell a new invention or discovery throughout 
the United States and the territories. 
Copyright. — A copyright is the sole right to print 
and sell a book, map, etc., for the space of 
twenty-eight years ; at the expiration of which 
he may secure a renewal for a further term of 
twenty-eight years. 
10. Railroad Rate Law, June 29, 1906, gave Inter- 
state Commerce Commission authority to make 
investigations and prevent rebates and unfair 
charges. 



60 



Set 17. 

1. John Cabot discovered the continent of North 

America. 
Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 
De Soto discovered the Mississippi River. 
Lafayette was a French general who fought for 

the American cause in the Revoluntary War. 
Hamilton was the first secretary of the United 

States treasury. 
Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850, or the 

Omnibus Bill. 
Webster delivered the grand oration at the lay- 
ing of the corner stone of Bunker Hill moun- 

ment. 
Bourne was the English founder of the Primitive 

Methodists. He visited the United States in 

1844. 
Fulton invented the first steamboat. 

2. Alien Law. — The Alien Law was the power given 

to the President for two years to expel from 
the country any foreigner Avliom he deemed 
injurious to the United States. 

Compromise of 1850. — The Compromise of 1850 
was a bill which proposed: See Set 9, No. 4 
(a). 

Emancipation Froclamatio n. — The Emancipation 
Proclamation was a statement declaring free- 
dom to all the slaves in the seceded States. 

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. — The Hay-Pauncefote 
Treaty was a treaty between the United States 
and Great Britain to facilitate the construction 



61 

of a ship Canal to connect the Atlantic and 
Pacific. (December 16, 1901.) 

3. The Canal Treaty with England November 18, 

1901, by wliich the United Stated was per- 
• mitted to construct the Panama Canal, but 

must open it to the use of all nations. 
The Canal Treaty with Panama, November 18, 
1903, by which the United States secured con- 
trol of the zone through which the canal was 
to be built. 
Child-labor laws in the States and for the District 
of Columbia. 

4. A colossal figure formed of plates of bronze on 

an iron framework, supported on a high 
granite pedestal, on Bedloe's Island in New 
York Bay, The figure represents a robust!}^ 
formed woman, fully draped in Greek tunic 
and mantle, and diademed, holding a torch in 
her uplifted right hand, The height of the 
statue is 151 feet; of the pedestal, 155 feet. 
It is by the sculptor Bartholdi, and is a gift 
made to the United States by popular sub- 
scription of the people of France. The pedes- 
tal was designed by Eichard M. Hunt, and 
paid for by popular subscription in the United 
States. The statue was unveiled in 1886. 

5. William Harrison succeeded by John Tyler. 
Zachary Taylor succeeded by ^Millard Fillmore. 

6. Is the protective tariff the cause of the high cost 

of living? 

7. 1607. — First permanent English settlement in 

America, founded in 1607. 



62 



1619. — First cargo of negro slaves brought to 
America. 

1812. — United States declares Avar against Great 
Britain. 

1820. — Missouri Compromise was issued. 

1898. — The Maine was destroyed in Havana har- 
bor, February 15, 1898. 
8. The Battle of Antietam. — Fought at Antietam 
Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. 

The commanders were McClellan for the Union 
Army and Lee for the Confederate Army. 

Up to this time the war had been fought mainly 
because of the secession of the Southern States. 
It now became clear that the success of the 
Union armies meant the abolition of slavery 
in America, and steps were accordingly taken 
to weaken the Confederacy. 

The battle was indecisive, but the effect was that 
of a Union victory, for Lee retired across the 
Potomac, and the North was saved from in- 
vasions, and Washington from any danger of 
attack. 

Lincoln issued his proclamation as a result of 
this victory. 

Set 18. 

1. (a) Liglding. — A^arious methods of artificial 
lighting have been very simple. At first 
men burned the pitch from the pine, and 
it produced a flame ; then they burned 
olive oil through a wick ; the tallow in the 
candle ; whale oil in the lamp ; later. 



63 



kerosene was burned by means of a wick 
and this gave a stronger light. 

Progress. — As civilization progresses, we 
are all enjoying more blessings and con- 
veniences. The electric light, almost uni- 
versally used, differs widel}^ from all modes 
of artificial light previously used. It is 
the latest method that man has discovered 
for the production of light. Previous to 
the year 1800 a match was never seen, one 
would almost think it something super- 
natural to see us turn a stopcock and light 
the gas, press a button and flood the room 
with light. Today our food is prepared 
b}^ means of these inventions, and even our 
conveyances and machinery are thus op- 
erated. 

(b) CIoth-maMng. — The sheep supplied wool, 
hemp and flax were cultivated, and cotton 
was brought from the Barbadoes. Nearly 
every home had a spinning wheel, and 
many of them had looms. 
The boys and girls were taught to spin and 
weave. The first cloth made was ver}^ 
coarse — mere tow cloth. Outer garments 
were made of linsey-woolsey. 
After a time England tried to stop cloth- 
making in America. But sheep were raised 
for their wool. A single town in Con- 
necticut kept a stock of two thousand of 
the animals and paid all the town's ex- 
penses from the proceeds. 



64 



The Germans who settled in Pennsylvania, 
about 1690, introduced the spinning and 
weaving of very fine linen, and later the 
Scotch-Irish settlers in all the colonies had 
great skill in spinning fine linen thread 
on small wheels run by a foot treadle. 

Progress. — In this century of ours, the 
looms in the mills supplant the spinning- 
wheels of long ago. Very little handwork 
is done, but the machinery takes the first 
rank everywhere. Men, women and chil- 
dren are employed in the different pro- 
cesses of the work. Our own manufac- 
tured woolen and cotton goods are equal 
to any importations. 

Money Difficulties. — On account of the extraordi- 
nary expenses of war, vast sums had been ex- 
pended by the Continental Congress and by 
the various States. The home debt was about 
$40,000,000, while the States had contracted 
obligations to the amount of nearly $22,000,000. 
There was no objection to the payment of the 
foreign and domestic debts, but great oppo- 
sition to the payment of the State debts by 
the federal government. 

By the advice of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary 
of the Treasury, Congress agreed to assume the 
debts contracted by the States during the Kev- 
olution, and to pay the national debt in full, 
excepting the Continental money. To provide 
funds, taxes were leaded on imported goods and 
the distillation of spirits. A mint and a 



national bank were established at Philadelphia. 
By these measures the credit of the United 
States was put upon a firm basis. 
Great opposition was made to the taxes levied by 
Congress. In western Pennsylvania the set- 
tlers agreed that they would pay no tax on 
whiskey. The rioters were so numerous that 
15,000 of the militia w^ere ordered out to sub- 
due them. Finding the government in earnest, 
the malcontents laid down their arms. 

Trouble In and Between the States. — There was 
great opposition in the States, because the 
States coined their own money, and therefore 
it did not have the same value in all the States. 

The jealous Spaniards of New Orleans hindered 
the passage of American ships. The people 
west of the AUeghenies looked to the great Mis- 
sissippi as the natural outlet of their com- 
merce, and the duty devolved on the govern- 
ment of protecting these people in their rights 
and making good their expectations of the 
future. 

Indian AA^ar. — The rapid settlement of the 
Northwestern Territory was not amicably 
viewed by the Indians. Their hostile disposi- 
tion was encouraged by British agents and 
traders from the military posts still held by 
the British in the lake region. The Indians 
burned the settlers' villages, and were deter- 
mined to force them to abandon these lands. 
General Anthony Wayne, after a desperate 
fight, made a treaty with the Indians (Miami 



66 



tribe) by which Ihcy gave up all their claims 
to what is now lmo^^^l as Ohio. 

3. (a) Patrick Hcnnj. — In 1763 there was a trial in 
Virginia known as the "parsons" cause. 
Patrick Henry appeared in behalf of the 
people. In arguing this case, he pleaded 
so eloquently for the rights of the Amer- 
ican people that the court was moved, and 
the jury gave the parsons only one-half 
penny as damages. Soon afterward Pat- 
rick Henry was chosen to fill a vacancy in 
the Virginia House of Burgesses. 

When the subject of the Stamp Act was 
taken up, he came forward with six bold 
and striking resolutions. They declared 
that the Virginian people had a right to 
govern themselves, and could not lawfully 
be taxed except under laws made by their 
own Legislature. In the course of this 
speech, it was that Henry uttered the 
famous words: "Caesar had his Brutus, 
etc." 

He served as Governor of Virginia for eight 
years, and declined the chief justiceship 
of the United States. He died in 1799. 

(b) Benjamin Franldin. — Benjamin Franklin 
went to London several times for his own 
and other colonies, he promoted the re- 
peal of the Stamp Act. He was one of the 
committee appointed to draft the Declara- 
tion of Independence and a signer of that 
document. He went to France as ambas- 



67 

sador; lie skillfully negotiated the treaty 
of alliance with that country, without 
which the Revolution could hardly have 
succeeded. He assisted in making a treaty 
of peace with England in 1782, and took 
part in framing the Constitution of the 
United States in 1787. He died in Phila- 
delphia, 1790. 

4. (a) Southern Xidlifi cation. —The tariff acts of 
1824 and 1828 aroused the South. A con- 
vention was held in South Carolina by 
which it was declared that the tariff as it 
stood was null and void, and that the 
duties imposed by it should not be charged 
on goods imported into the State after 
February 1, 1833. This was nullification. 
It was an attempt on the part of a State 
to say that a national law should not be 
enforced within the State. 

(b) Alabama Claims. — The Alabama Claims were 
claims of the United States Government 
against that of Great Britain, growing out 
of the depredations of the cruiser Alabama 
and other similar c raisers. 

Our government did not forget the part that 
Great Britain had taken against us in 
allowing the Alabama and other vessels to 
be built in her ports for the purpose of 
destroying our shipping. In 1863 we pre- 
sented our claims, but England refused to 
consider them. 



6S 

At the request of England, a eoniniission met 
at A¥ashington and concluded a treaty 
(May 8, 1871). 

It was agreed that the Alabama Claims 
should be referred to a commission at 
Geneva. This commission decided that 
Great Britain should pay to the United 
States $15,500,000. 

(c) Blockade. — A blockade is effected by a suf- 
ficient number of vessels placed in a har- 
bor, along the coast, or at the mouth of a 
river to prevent others except our own 
ships from entering. It cuts off commerce 
and navigation in general. Vessels cap- 
tured because of attempts to break the 
blockade or to carry contraband goods or 
property of the enemy, are seized and 
usually considered war prizes. 

5. (a) Xational P ruled ion. — The United States shall 
guarantee to every State in this Union a 
republican form of government, and shall 
protect each of them against invasion; 
and on application of the Legislature, or 
of the executive (when the Legislature 
cannot be convened), against domestic 
violence. 
Congress should determine what States are 
to make up the government over which it 
is to have charge. Congress shall see that 
there is entire freedom of commerce be- 
tween the States. 



69 

''Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
State to the public acts, records, and judi- 
cial proceeding's of every other State." 

"And the Congress may, by general laws, 
prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
records, and proceedings shall be proved, 
and the effect thereof. ' ' 

"The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens 
in the several States." 

' ' A person charged in anj^ State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from 
justice, and be found in another State, 
shall, on demand of the executive author- 
ity of the State from which he fled, be de- 
livered up to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime." 

(b) Federal Convention. — This convention as- 
sembled at the Philadelphia State House 
on May 14, 1787. It was merely to revise 
the Articles of Confederation. It soon be- 
came apparent, however, to the convention 
that, in the judgment of the majority of 
the members present, the old form of gov- 
ernment was so weak and defective, that 
the only w^ise and proper thing to be done 
was to form an entirely new Constitution. 
For four months, from May to September, 
continuing their work vigorously through 
all the summer months, this convention 
proceeded, until, on the 17th of Septem- 
ber, the Constitution of the United States, 



70 

which, with its several amendments, since 
adopted, is now the supreme law of this 
country, was adopted and signed by the 
members of the convention. 
There were great difficulties in the way of 
forming a new Constitution. These dif- 
ficulties arose from the jealousies existing 
among the States, the difference in their 
extent, their wealth, population, habits, 
religion, education, and political views. 
Nothing but a wise and patriotic spirit of 
mutual concession and moderation could 
have overcome such obstacles. 

6. (a) Senator. — Up till 1913, by the legislature of 
the several States, for a term of six years. 
By the Seventeenth Amendment passed in 
1913, they are now elected by the people. 

Seventeenth Amendment. — The Senate of the 
United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, elected by the 
people thereof, for six years; and each 
Senator shall have one vote. The electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numer- 
ous branch of the State legislatures. 

AVlien vacancies happen in the representation 
of any State in the Senate, the executive 
authority of such State shall issue writs 
of election to fill such vacancies : Provided, 
That the legislature of any State may em- 
power the executive authority thereof to 
make temporary appointments until the 



peoijie fiii the vacancies by election as the 
legislature may direct. 

This amendment shall not be so construed as 
to affect the election or term of any Sena- 
tor chosen before it becomes valid as part 
of the Constitution. 

Represeniaiive. — They are elected every even 
year by the voters of the several States, 
the voters of each Congressional District 
electing one member. Their term of office 
is two years, and begins on the 4th of 
March following the election, 
(b) Elective Powers. Senate. 

The Senate shall choose their officers, and 
also a president 2^**0 tempore, in the ab- 
sence of the Vice-President, or when he 
shall exercise the office of President of the 
United States. The officers of the Senate 
are: 

1. The Secretary. 

2. Chief Clerk. 

3. Executive Clerk. 

4. Sergeant-at-Arms. 

5. Doorkeeper. 

6. Chaplain. 

If in the election for Vice-President, no per- 
son have a majority of the electoral votes, 
then from the tvo highest numbers on the 
list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-Presi- 
dent. 
House of Representatives. 

The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers. 



The Speaker is the presiding officer of the 
House. The Speaker is chosen from the 
members of the House and can vote on 
every question like any other member. 

If in the election for President, no person 
have a majority of the electoral votes, 
then from the persons having the highest 
numbers not exceeding three on the list of 
those voted for as President, the House of 
Representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the President. 

Set 19. 

1. The Marjdand colony welcomed settlers without 
regard to their religions. Here the Catholics 
persecuted in England or the colonies, the 
Puritans expelled from Virginia, and the 
Quaker or the Baptist exiled from Massachu- 
setts, found an asylum and a home. Bancroft 
says, "The happiness of the colony was en- 
viable. Emigrants arrived from every clime, 
and the colonial legislature extended its sym- 
pathies to many nations, as well as to many 
sects; the children of misfortune sought pro- 
tection under the tolerant sceptre of the Roman 
Catholic." The Toleration Act was passed in 
1649. 

Though William Penn granted religious toleration 
throughout his colony, still in maintaining it 
towards Catholics, he was bitterly opposed by 
his own people. 



73 



When John Archdale became Governor of the two 
Carolinas, he set the example of Christian tol- 
eration in religious matters. 

The first legislative assembly of New York called 
together by Governor Dongan, proclaimed lib- 
erty of conscience, saying that no person pro- 
fessing faith in God, through Jesus Christ, 
should at any time be in any way molested or 
disquieted for any difference of opinion. 

Roger Williams is given credit for having granted 
religious toleration in the Rhode Island colony, 
but the privilege was not extended to Catholics. 

Wherever religious toleration was fully and faith- 
fulty practiced, peace and harmony prevailed. 

Some important battles of the Revolutionary War 
are Trenton, Saratoga, King's Mountain, and 
Cow^pens. 

Trenton. 

Location. — Western part of New Jersey on the 
Delaware River. 

Date. — December 26, 1776. 

Commander. — Washington of Americans; Col- 
onel Rahl of Hessians. 

Result. — It was an American victory, and 
raised the drooping spirits of the American 
people. 

Saratoga. First and Second Battle. 

Location. — Eastern part of New York, near the 
Hudson. 

Date. — September 19th, October 9th; surren- 
der of Burgoyne, October 17, 1777. 



Comuianders. — Burgoyne of British; Gates of 
Americans. 

Result. — An American victory, it caused a re- 
action in public sentiment in England in 
favor of the Americans ; it brought hope and 
courage to the Americans. 

King 's 31 o u ntain. 

Location. — Partly within the southern boun- 
daries of North Carolina. 

Date.— October 7, 1780. 

Commanders. — Ferguson of British; Colonel 
James Williams of Americans. 

Result. — A complete American victory. 

Battle of Coivpens. 

Location. — Northern part of South Carolina. 

Date. — January 11, 1781. 

Commanders. — General Morgan of Americans; 

Tarleton of British. 
Result. — Complete American victory. In point 

of tactics one of the most brilliant battles of 

the war. 

Events leading to the Mexican War were : 

(a) Texas won her independence from Mexico. 

(b) She applied for admission to the Union, 

and though the petition was at first re- 
jected by Congress, it was so endorsed 
by the people in. the fall elections, that 
it was accepted before the close of Ty- 
ler's administration. 

(c) Annexation of Texas. 



(d) Mexico had not acknowledged the inde- 

pendence of Texas and would not ac- 
cept the boundary line Texas claimed. 

(e) Ujiited States, in admitting Texas, pledged 

lierself to uphold the claims of Texas 
against Mexico. 

(f) Occupation of country between the Nueces 

and the Rio Grande by Zachary Taylor 
and a large force of Americans. 

(g) Taylor moved to mouth of Rio Grande 

and refused General Santa Anna's re- 
quest to retire to the Nueces. 

(h) Mexican force crossed the Rio Grande and 
attacked detachment of American army. 

(i) Declaration of war. 
Taylor fought and won the battles of Palo Alto, 

Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena 

Vista. 
Scott fought and won the battles of Cerra Gordo 

Pass, the fortresses of Chapultepec, and City 

of Mexico. 

4. (a) New States are added to the Union by the 
division of States already organized or out 
of communities occupying territory be- 
longing to the United States, 
(b) No new State shall be formed or erected 
within the jurisdiction of any other State, 
nor any State be formed by the junction 
of two or more States, or parts of States, 
without the consent of the Legislatures of 
the States concerned, as Avell as of the Con- 
gress. 



76 

(c) When a Territory applies for admission, Con- 

gress passes an "enabling act." This act 
authorizes the holding of a convention of 
delegates elected by the citizens of the 
Territory for the purpose of drafting and 
adopting a State Constitution. 

(d) "When the Territory has adopted a State Con- 

stitution and elected State officers, the re- 
sults are submitted to Congress, and if it 
and the President approve the Constitu- 
tion, the Territory becomes a State. 

(e) A new star is added to the flag on the follow- 

ing Fourth of July. 

Internal revenue is income that accrues to the 
country from tax on the manufacture or sale 
of malt liquors, tobacco, trades, professions, 
and occupations. 

Three sources of this revenue are the 

(a) spirits and malt liquors; 

(b) manufactured tobacco; 

(c) trades, professions, and occupations. 

(a) A preliminary proclamation issued by Lin- 
coln, September 22, 1862, declared that 
unless the inhabitants of the revolted 
States returned to their allegiance by Jan- 
uary 1st, the slaves would be declared free. 
This had no effect. The Emancipation 
Proclamation was, therefore, issued by 
Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It declared 
the freedom of slaves in all the States 
which had seceded except forty-eight coun- 
ties of West Virginia, seven counties in 



Virginia, including" tlie cities of Norfollv 
and Portsmouth, and thirteen parishes of 
Louisiana, including New Orleans. These 
districts were practically under the con- 
trol of the Union army. 
(b) Leaders of the antislavery movement were 
William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phil- 
lips, John G. Whittier, Edmund Quincy, 
Samuel J. May, William Ja}^ Cassius M. 
Clay, of Kentucky. 

7. (a) See Set 18, No. 4 (a). 

(b) See Set 18, No. 4 (b). 

(c) See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 

(d) A blockade is the shutting up of a place by 

ships, with the purpose of preventing en- 
trance or departure, or the reception of 
supplies. Li a blockade, the investing 
power (authority blockading) must be 
able to apply its force to every point of 
practicable access, so as to render it dan- 
gerous to attempt to enter; and there is 
no blockade of that port where its force 
can not be brought to bear. 

8. Congress shall have power : — 

(a) To declare war. 

(b) To grant letters of marque and reprisal. 

(c) To make rules concerning captures on land 

and water. 

(d) To raise and support armies. 

(e) To provide and maintain a navy. 

(f) To make rules for the government and 

regulation of the land and naval forces. 



78 



(g) To i)rovide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
insurrections, and repel invasions. 

9. In 1872, a long-pending controversy over the San 
Juan group of islands in Puget Sound was set- 
tled hy arbitration between Great Britain and 
the United States. 

In 1872, the Alabama Claims, as they were called, 
were sent to a board of five arbitrators who 
met at Geneva and awarded the United States 
$15,500,000 to be distributed among our citi- 
zens whose ships and property had been de- 
stroyed by the cruisers. 

To a board of Fish Commissioners Avas referred 
the claims of Canada that the citizens of the 
United States derived more benefit from the 
fishing in Canadian waters than did the 
Canadians from using the coast waters of the 
United States. The award made to Great 
Britain was $5,500,000 (1877). 

10. Philadelphia. — Philadelphia, the chief city of 
Pennsylvania, lies in the southeastern part of 
the State, on the west bank of the Delaware 
River, about one hundred miles from the ocean. 
It was founded by "William Penn in 1683, and 
his "City of Brotherly Love" is now spoken of 
as the "City of Homes," because most of its 
inhabitants live in houses of their own. 
Many important historical events have taken 
place in Philadelphia. In Carpenter's Hall, 
located in the rear of the south side of Chest- 
nut Street, near Third, the First Continental 



79 

Congress met, and here was tlie first Bank of 
the United States. In the State Honse, now 
called Independence Hall, the Second Conti- 
nental Congress met and passed the Declara- 
tion of Independence ; here also the convention 
framed the great Constitution by which we are 
governed. 

On May 15, 1733, Father Joseph Greaton, S. J., 
purchased the ground on which St. Joseph's 
Chapel was built. St. Joseph's Church is to- 
day a spot dear to every Catholic in Philadel- 
phia. 

The Forty Hours' Devotion was observed for the 
first time in the Diocese of Philadelphia, at St. 
Philip's Church. The Feast of Corpus Christi 
in the year 1853 fell on the Feast of St. Philip 
Neri. This observance of the Forty Hours' 
Devotion is, if not the first, at least among the 
earliest in the United States, and is due to the 
energy and devotion of the saintly Bishop 
Neumann. 

On February 8, 1808, the Philadelphia Diocese 
was established; but the Archdiocese was not 
established till February 12, 1875. On the 17th 
of June of this same year, Most Rev. James 
Frederick Wood was created first Archbishop 
of Philadelphia. 

As we look over this great Archdiocese we are 
struck by the great number of charitable and 
educational institutions found within its limits, 
and proving to posterity the loyalty and gen- 
erosity of the Catholics of Philadelphia. 



80 



Three well-equipped Catholic hospitals — St. Jo- 
seph's, St. Agnes', and St. Mary's — care for 
the sick and suffering of the city. Homes for 
the Aged under the care of the Little Sisters 
of the Poor give shelter to those who can no 
longer aid themselves. 

The Industrial Home at Eddington, St. John's 
Orphan Asylum, prove that the orphans of the 
city are not forgotten. 

The Cahill High School for Boys, La Salle Col- 
lege, and St. Joseph's College attend to the 
higher education of the boys, while the new 
High School for Catholic Girls, with the acad- 
emies conducted by the different Sisterhoods, 
see to the education of the girls. 

One institution of which Philadelphia is justly 
proud is the Ecclesiastical Seminary at Over- 
brook. Here are trained the priests of the 
Archdiocese upon whose piety and zeal this 
great city and its surroundings wdll depend for 
the uplifting of her youth, the future of the 
Catholic Church in Philadelphia. 

Set 20. 

Thirteen Original Colonies: INIaryland, Virginia, 
Massachusetts, New^ Hampshire, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Georgia. 

There are forty-eight States now in the Union. 

Philadelpliia. — 

(a) During the earlier part of the Revolution, 
it was the virtual capital of the colonies. 



81 



(b) Here the First Continental Congress con- 

vened September 1, 1774. 

(c) Declaration of Independence was adopted 

July 4, 1776. 

(d) Articles of Confederation were signed July 

9, 1778. 

(e) The Constitution of the United States 

prepared in 1787. 

(f) National capital from 1790 to 1800. 

(g) First American Bank established, 1781. 
(h) First United States Mint established, 1792. 
(i) Centennial celebration of independence of 

colonies held here, 1876. 
(j) Bi-centennial of landing of William Penn 
was observed here, 1882. 

ISToTE, — During the Eevolutionaiy War, Howe, the 
British general, entered Philadelphia September 26, 
1777. 

Fort McHenry. — This fort guarded Baltimore 
during the War of 1812. It was fiercely bom- 
barded by the British fleet for a day and 
night, but it held out to the last, and the 
British fleet withdrew to the Chesapeake Bay. 
It was during this bombardment that our 
patriotic song, ''The Star Spangled Banner" 
was written by Francis Scott Key. He had 
been sent to the fleet to secure the release of 
some prisoners, and the British detained him 
there till the bombardment was ended. As he 
sat there a temporary prisoner, on board an 
enemy's vessel, watching the bombardment, he 
wrote the stirring song. 



82 



Monterey. — This was the scene of a six day's 
battle and siege during the Mexican War, 
September 20-25, 1846. Taylor allowed the 
Mexican leader Ampudia to evacuate, carrying 
one field battery and his small arms. This 
battle ended the campaign on the Rio Grande. 

Antietam. — This was a battle of the Civil War. 
McClellan, who had command of the Union 
Sirmy in Maryland, set out in pursuit of Lee, 
who had crossed the Potomac and entered 
IMaryland. McClellan met and defeated him 
in the great Battle of Antietam, September 17, 
1862. Lee retreated across the Potomac ; but 
McClellan made no pursuit. 

Santiago de Cuba. — This was a battle of the 
Spanish-American War. A little army under 
General William R. Shafter landed near San- 
tiago on June 23, 1898, and advancing toward 
Santiago, some of the troops under General 
Joseph Wheeler and General Young met the 
Spaniards on the 24th, at Las Guasimas and 
defeated them. El Caney and San Juan Hill 
guarded Santiago. These were captured on 
July 1st. 

Cervera's fleet tried to escape from the harbor 
of Santiago on July 3d, and was promptly 
destroyed by the squadron under Sampson and 
Schley. Santiago with about 22,000 Spanish 
troops surrendered to Shafter, July 17th. 

3. The cause of the war with England in 1812 was 
the impressment of American seamen. 



83 

The Purchase of Louisiana. — In the year 1800 
Spain agreed with Napoleon to cede Louisiana 
back again to France. The agreement was 
kept secret for a time, Napoleon not being 
ready to take possession. The Spanish officer 
who was in control of New Orleans during this 
waiting time issued an order in 1802 forbid- 
ding Americans to ship their produce to New 
Orleans, as they had a right to do under the 
treaty made seven years before. The people 
who lived in the valley of the Mississippi were 
greatly excited over this order, which deprived 
them of a market for their goods. 

Not wishing to go to war in order to keep the 
French out of Louisiana, Jefferson got leave 
from Congress to buy New Orleans and the 
region round about, together with West 
Florida. James Monroe was sent over to help 
the American minister at Paris in making the 
purchase. Napoleon at that time was on the 
eve of another war with England, and in view 
of that he offered to sell not only New Orleans, 
but the whole vast region then called Louisi- 
ana. This offer was so good that the American 
commissioners accepted it without waiting for 
orders, and within less than three weeks the 
whole matter was completed. The L^nited 
States paid fifteen million dollars for the ter- 
ritory thus gained. It was larger in area than 
the whole of the United States had been be- 
fore. It included nearly all the region between 
the ^Mississippi River and the Rocky IMountains. 
This region was soon divided into the two Ter- 



8-i 



ritories of Orleans and Louisiana. From this 
territory have since been formed the States of 
Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, 
Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Okla- 
homa, a large part of the States of Minnesota 
and Colorado, and parts of Wyoming and 
Montana. 

Bioll Run. — July 21, 1861. Unionists, General 

McDowell; Confederates, General Beauregard. 
Vickshurg. — July 4, 1863. Unionists, General 

Grant; Confederates, General Pemberton. 
Nashville. — December 15-16, 1864. Unionists, 

General Thomas; Confederates, General Hood. 
Chattanooga. — November 24-25, 1863. Unionists, 

General Grant ; Confederates, General Bragg. 

Presidents, William Henry Harrison, Zachary 
Taylor, Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, 
William McKinley. 

Their successors were John Tyler, Millard Fill-* 
more, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, 
Theodore Roosevelt. 

President Andrew Johnson defied the Senate by 
removing Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, 
from office. The House of Representatives 
then impeached the President before the Senate 
for high crimes and misdemeanors. Chief 
Justice Chase presided over the trial, and a 
two-thirds vote w^as necessary for conviction. 
The vote was thirty-five to nineteen. The Pre- 
sident was saved by one vote and was ac- 
quitted. (Two-thirds of fifty-four equals 
thirty-six.) 



85 



Impeachment is bringing an accusation against 
high officials of the government on account of 
improper administration of the duties of office. 
The sole power of impeachment is in the House 
of Representatives. The power to try all im- 
peachments is vested in the Senate. 

8. See Set 9, No. 6 (a). 

Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, 
imposts, and excises ; to pay the dehts and pro- 
vide for the conunon defence and general wel- 
fare of the United States; but all duties, im- 
posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States. 

9. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706. 

He was one of the founders of the United 
States; his name is signed to both the Decla- 
ration of Independence and the Constitution. 
Having been sent as ambassador to France, he 
gained that treaty for us which probably saved 
our country. He organized our postal system, 
founded the American Philosophical Society 
nncl the University of Pennsylvania. He was 
jiresident of the State of Pennsylvania. Frank- 
lin gave Philadelphia a police, a fire, and a 
street-cleaning department, and invented 
lightning rods and the Franklin stove. He 
wrote "Poor Eichard's Almanac," an Auto- 
biography, and many papers on political, 
scientific and moral questions. He died April 
17, 1790, and was buried in the yard of Christ 
Church, Philadelphia. 



Set 21. 

1. See Set 10, No. 9. 

2. See Set 5, No. 1. 

3. See Set 10, No. 10. 

4. See Set 8, No. 3. 

5. See Set 8, No. 4. 
6-7-8. See Map No. 4. 
9-10. See Set 8, No. 6. 

Set 22. 

1. Champlain, Samuel de (1567-1635), French navi- 
gator. In 1599 he sailed in the ''St. Julien" 
for the West Indies, and returned by way of 
the Isthmus of Panama, across which he con- 
ceived the plan of a ship-canal. In 1603-04, 
he in two voyages explored the St. LawTence 
River. In 1604-06, he explored and mapped 
the coast as far as Cape Cod. On his next 
voyage he founded Quebec, in 1608. In 1609 
he joined the Montagnais against the Iroquois. 
They ascended the Sorel River and entered the 
Lake to which he gave his own name. 

Coronado, Francisco Yasquez de (1510-1542), a 
Spanish explorer, sent out expeditions in 1539 
and 1540, which explored the regions of the 
Gila, the Little Colorado and the Rio Grande. 

Cortez, Hernando, Spanish navigator. In 1519 
he led an ex])odition fi'om Culia and conquered 
Mexico. 

Drake, iSir Francis (1546-1596), an Elizabethan 
navigator, made an expedition to Mexico in 
1567, and to South America in 1572. He ex- 



87 ^ 

plored the Pacific coast from 1577 to 1579, 
landed on the coast of California and returned 
to England by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, 
making a successful circumnavigation of the 
globe. 

La Salle, Robert (1643-1687), a distinguished 
French explorer, was born at Rouen. In 1669 
he emigrated to Canada, and began the series 
of his remarkable journeys in the West. He 
visited Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. 
In 1673 he received a grant of the station at 
Fort Frontenac (now Kingston). He ascended 
the chain of lakes to Mackinac, up Lake 
Michigan and down the Illinois River to 
Peoria. He made canoe voyages on the Illinois 
to the mouth of the Mississippi which he 
reached April, 1682, and claimed the entire 
region for Louis XIV. After a few other ex- 
peditions, he was murdered by his followers 
^nthin the limits of Texas. 

MageUan, Ferdinand. In 1519 Magellan, a Por- 
tuguese, in command of five Spanish ships, 
sailed from Spain with the hope of finding a 
route to Asia by way of the southwest. He 
discovered the strait which bears his name. He 
crossed the vast ocean and accomplished what 
Cohimbus had set out to do, reaching Asia by 
sailing west. He was killed by savages in the 
Philippine Islands, but one of his ships sailed 
around the Cape of Good Hope and reached 
Spain in 1522. This was the first circumnavi- 
gation of the globe. 



Place 


Name 


Hayti 


Isabella 


Florida 


St. Augustine 


Quebec 


Quebec 


Virginia 


Jamestown 



Verrazano, a native of Florence, Italy, was the 
first navigator sent by the French king to find 
the new wslj to the Indies. Sailing w^estward 
from Madeira (1524), he reached land near 
the present harbor of Wilmington, N. C. He 
coasted along the shores of Carolina and New 
Jersey, entered the harbors of New York and 
Newport, and returned with a glowing de- 
scription of the lands he had found. He named 
the country New France. 

2. Settlements. Permanent settlements. 

Nation Leader Time 

Spain Columbus 1493 

Spain Menendez 1565 

France Champlain 1608 

England Smith 1607 

3. (a) Pennsylvania. — King Charles II. owed Ad- 

miral Penn £16,000; and Penn, seeing no 
chance of its ever being paid, proposed 
to the King, in 1680, that the debt be paid 
wdth a tract of land in America. The 
King gladly agreed, and in 1681 Penn 
received a grant west of the Delaware. 
Against Penn's wdsh, the King called it 
Pennsylvania or ''Penn's Woods". It 
w^as given almost precisely the bounds of 
the present State. Penn proposed to 
found a colony for the benefit of the 
Quakers. To encourage emigration, Penn 
offered a popular government, with tolera- 
tion of all religious beliefs. The Dutch 
and Swedes already had settlements within 



89 



his grant, but rne}- were incorporated in 
the new colony. In 1682, Philadelphia was 
founded from plans draAvn in England. 
In 1683, Penn made his famous treaty 
with the Indians. 

(b) Rhode Island. — Roger Williams settled Prov- 

idence Plantation in 1636. He stamped 
upon the colonies his favorite idea of 
religious toleration, i. e., that the civil 
power has no right to interfere with the 
religious opinions of men. 
The colonies wished to join the New England 
Union, but were refused on the plea that 
they had no charter. Williams obtained 
a charter from England uniting the two 
plantations. 

(c) Georgia. — Georgia was founded by James 

Oglethorpe in 1733 as a refuge for debtors. 
It must not be supposed, however, that all 
the colonists were poor debtors. In 
time, Italians from Piedmont, Moravians 
and Lutherans from Germany, and Scotch- 
men from the Highlands, all made settle- 
ments in Georgia. Twenty-two persons 
under Oglethorpe's leadership formed an 
association and secured a charter from 
King George II., hence its name Georgia. 

The settlers of Jamestown were warned by a 
friendly Indian of an intended attack by the 
Indians, and the lives of the colonists were 
saved. 



90 

The Narragansetts warned Roger Williams of an 
intended attack by the Pequot tribe ; and thus 
the New England colonies were prepared for 
the attack. 

(a) Every colony of the New World depended 
on safety from the Indians in erecting a 
blockhouse. This was built of logs large 
enough to accommodate the colonists. 
Arranged around the sides of this house 
of logs were small holes large enough for 
the guns of the settlers to be pointed at 
the Indians. 

(b)" A spinning wheel consisted of a spindle 
which received rapid rotation by means 
of a band connecting it with a tly wheel 
driven by a treadle or crank. 

(c) The old means of heating the colonial kitchen 

was a great fireplace bricked in, large 
enough to hold great logs and with places 
for hanging a great pot in which the 
family dinner was cooked. It was often 
large enough for seats for reading and sew- 
ing. The fireplace with its long shelf above 
for the pewter plates standing in a row 
formed the central attraction of the 
colonial kitchen. Here the women had 
their spinning wheel, and in the long 
winter evenings the family pared and 
strung the apples for drying, knit the 
family stockings, etc. 

(d) A snow-shoe is a network of sinew or raw- 

hide in a wooden frame to be fastened on 
the l)ottom ol the foot. 



91 

6. Three events that may be regarded as causes of 

the Revolution are the passage of the Naviga- 
tion Acts, Stamp Act, and Quartering Act. 
Others are the Boston ^Massacre, Boston Tea 
Party, Boston Port Bill. 
The Boston Massacre. — The presence of British 
troops in Boston for the purpose of enforcing 
obnoxious laws increased public excitement, and 
on the fifth of March a serious difficulty oc- 
curred. An altercation had taken place 
between some citizens and soldiers. A mob 
gathered near the troops and assaulted a 
sentinel. The soldiers fired, killing three and 
wounding five. This is known as the Boston 
Massacre. 

7. (a) Capture of Ticonderoga. — A force under 

Ethan Allen arrived on the shore of Lake 
Champlain in the early morning of May 
10, 1775. There were not enough boats to 
carry over all his forces, and so with only 
eighty-three men he descended upon the 
little garrison, who surrendered without a 
blow. Thus the colonists gained the key 
to the route to and from Canada, and 
captured a number of cannon and a 
considerable quantity of powder and balls 
which they much needed. 
(])) Hair was arrested, summarily tried, and ex- 
ecuted as a spy by the British on Septem- 
ber 22, 1776. He was not permitted to 
write to his mother; and the contrast be- 
tween the brutal treatment which he re- 



92 



ceived and the courtesies afterwards ex- 
tended to Andre, under similar conditions, 
only endeared his memory to the American 
people. He died ''regretting that he had 
but one life to give to his country. ' ' 
(c) The Burning of Kingston. — It was burned 
in 1777 by Sir Henry Clinton. 

At Bennington in the southwest corner of Ver- 
mont, the Americans had gathered a supply 
of stores. These Burgoyne needed badly and 
he sent Colonel Baum with a force of one 
thousand men to capture them. This force was 
defeated by the ' ' Green Mountain Boys ' ' under 
General Stark. Only about seventy returned 
to Burgoyne. The others were killed or cap- 
tured. This loss was critical to Burgoyne. 

The Indians were so discouraged by their loss at 
Oriskany that when the half-witted Tory hired 
by Arnold told the troops of St. Leger's Camp 
that a great force of Americans were close at 
hand, the Indians hastily took to flight. The 
British followed them in such panic that they 
left their tents and artillery behind them. This 
loss was most critical to Burgoyne. He was in 
a trap from which he could not escape. There- 
fore the battles of Bennington and Oriskany 
prepared the way for Burgojaie's surrender. 
His Indians Avere leaving him. He could get 
no supplies, no aid, could neither retreat nor 
advance. The two battles of Saratoga soon 
followed; and deserted by Indians and Tories, 
wdth his provisions gone, he surrendered the 



93 



remnant of his army to General Gates, Octo- 
ber 17th, 1777. 

9. There were two houses in Congress instead of one 
as in the Confederation. The Constitution 
broke up the old concentrated power of Con- 
gress and created three equal and co-ordinate 
departments : Congress, the President and his 
subordinates, and the Federal Courts. 

Two houses, Senate and House of Representatives, 
were necessary that one might be a check on 
the legislation of the other. The Executive 
Department was found necessary so that there 
might be some one to see that the acts of Con- 
gress were duly enforced or executed; as 
under the Articles of Confederation need of 
this had been felt. 

The Judiciary Department was needed that we 
might have a body to test the constitutions of 
a law, and that the Federal authority might 
have the machinery of the courts to enforce 
its own decrees. The Supreme Court is the 
most original of all American institutions and 
is peculiarly American. 

10. Jefferson. — War tuith Tripoli. — This was proved 
of value to> the United States, not only in free- 
ing her from humiliation, but in raising her in 
the opinion of European nations, and in provid- 
ing her with a stronger and better navy. 
• Louisiana Purchase. — The United States gained 
control of the Mississippi. 
Monroe. — Missouri Compromise. — This postponed 
the settlement of the slavery question and for 



94 



thirty years no further trouble arose directly 
over the admission of slave or free States. 
John Quincy Adams.— The Tariff of 1828.— It 
was unsatisfactory even to those who voted for 
it, and received the name ''Tariff of Abomina- 
tions", It was especially offensive to the 
South. 

11. (a) Steamhoat. — Robert Fulton, though not the 

inventor of the steamboat, is the one who 
first brought steamboats into practical use. 

(b) Sewing Machine. — Elias Howe invented the 

seiving machine in 1846. 

(c) Telegraph. — Samuel Morse succeeded, after 

years of struggle, in introducing the Amer- 
ican system of telegraph. 

(d) Atlantic Cable. — Cyrus W. Field, after sev- 

eral failures, made ocean telegraphy a fact. 
He laid a new cable in 1866, and the great 
problem of uniting the Continents by tele- 
graph under the sea was solved. 

(e) Telephone. — This was invented by Alexander 

Graham Bell, and was first exhibited at 
the Centennial Exhibition, in 1876. 

12. (a) Purpose. — The Confederates had only two 

large forces in the field, one under Lee in 
Virginia, the other under Johnston in 
Georgia. While Grant attacked Lee, 
Sherman was to attack Johnston, thereby 
preventing the two Confederate forces 
from uniting at any time to help each 
other. 



95 



(b) Route. — From Chattanooga to Dalton, Res- 

aca, Dallas, Kenesaw IMouiitain, Atlanta. 
In November, he started his march to the 
sea, sweeping- southeasterly through the 
country from Atlanta to Savannah, which 
fell into his hands (December 21). 

(c) Results: — 

(1) Everything of use to the Confederacy 

was seized, and their country de- 
vastated, the railroads destroyed. 

(2) It gave the Unionists control of the 

southeastern part of the Confederacy. 

(3) The already sundered Confederacy was 

cut in twain and Southern power 
destroyed. 

13. The real cause of the Spanish War Avas the 

Spanish oppression in Cuba. 
The immediate cause was the blowing up the 
Maine. 

14. De Witt Clinton (1769-1828) was a nephew of 

George Clinton, and after graduating at Co- 
lumbia, he acted as secretary to his uncle. He 
Avas a Republican member of the New York 
Legislature, and entered the United States 
Senate in 1802, but left that body soon to be- 
come mayor of New York City. In this office 
he served until 1807, and again in 1809-10 
and 1811-15. He was also State Senator, 
Lieutenant-Governor, and a member of the 
council of appointment. In 1812, he was the 
candidate of the Federalists and of the New 
York Democrats for President, receiving 



96 



eighty-nine electoral votes. Clinton was ar- 
dently devoted to the policy of internal im- 
provements and especially to the development 
of the Erie and Champlain Canals. 

Vlysses S. Grant (1822-1885), a great Federal 
general in the Civil War, was born at Point 
Pleasant, Ohio, and was graduated from West 
Point in 1843. He was commissioned a 
lieutenant, fought in the battles of Palo Alto 
and Resaca de la Palma, and was brevetted 
Captain in 1847, for conduct at Chapultepec. 
In 1854 he resigned his commission and engaged 
in business until 1861. Soon after the outbreak 
of the war he was given command of the forces 
at Cairo, 111., and in 1861 seized Paducah. His 
administration as President was not wholly 
successful, some of his advisers proving most 
unworthy. He possessed an unassuming man- 
ner, yet was self-reliant and prompt in his 
decisions, calm and patient in all circumstances 
and won the admiration of all by his moral 
and ph.ysieal courage. During his administra- 
tion occurred the passage of the Fifteenth 
Amendment, the funding of the national debt, 
civil service reform was inaugurated, the 
Treaty of Washington was negotiated with 
Great Britain, and specie payment was resumed 
in 1875. He published "Personal Memoirs". 

William McKinley, Congressman and Governor 
of Ohio, was born at Nilcs, Ohio, in 1844, and 
served as a volunteer in the Civil War. He 
Avas a member of the House of Representatives 



from 1877 to 1891, aud as Chairman of the 
Committee on Ways and Means had the chief 
hand in framing the Tariff Act of October 1, 
1890, conmionly called the McKinley Act. 
From January 1892 to January 1896 he was 
Governor of Ohio. Elected President of the 
United States of America, November 3, 1896, 
inaugurated March 4, 1897. 
15. (a) See Set 14, No. 5 (c). 
(b) See Set 6, No. 6. 

Set 23. 

1. In 1842, the people of Rhode Island had been liv- 

ing under a Constitution granted as far back 
as the time of Charles II, which allowed only 
landowners and their eldest sons to vote. The 
representation in the Legislature was abso- 
lutely unjust. Having tried in vain to secure a 
change in the constitution, the people rebelled, 
formed a convention, and elected Thomas W. 
Dorr as Governor. As most of those who voted 
for Dorr were not legally voters, the existing 
State governments refused to recognize him. 
Both sides took up arms, but little bloodshed 
ensued. Dorr was arrested, convicted, and 
sentenced to imprisonment for life, but he was 
soon pardoned. 
The result of this rebellion was that a new con- 
constitution containing most of the reforms 
that Dorr demanded was adopted (1843). 

2. Our first political parties were Federalists and 

Anti-Federalists. 



98 



The Federalists, or Strong Government Men, ad- 
vocated a supreme central government and a 
loose construction of the Constitution. 

The Anti-Federalists, known at first as Particular- 
ists, advocated the supremacy of the State gov- 
ernments and a strict construction of the Con- 
stitution. 

Washington had in his cabinet the strongest men 

of both parties. 

The Presidential Succession Law was passed in 
1886. It provides that should the presidency 
and vice-presidency both become vacant, the 
presidency passes to the members of the cabi- 
net in the order of the establishment of their 
departments, beginning with the Secretary of 
State. Should he die or be impeached or re- 
moved, or become disabled, it would go to the 
Secretary of the Treasury, and then, if neces- 
sary, to the Secretary of AVar, etc. See Set 
4, Xo. 7. 

The new department recently (1913) represented 
in the President's cabinet is the Department of 
Labor. The work of this department will in- 
clude the collection of statistics to show rates 
of wages, hours of employment, etc. It will 
deal with strikes, arbitration, conciliation, em- 
ployment. 

Method of Incorporating Rhode Island Towns as 
Cities. — There is no prescribed method in 
Rhode Island of changing a town into a city. 
Usually, however, it is done by the citizens of 
the town voting at a meeting to ask the Gen- 



99 



eral Assembly to pass an enabling act, under 
which the citizens of the town are permitted to 
vote either to accept or reject some specified 
form of charter, or act of incorporation, before 
the latter becomes a law. 
A majorit}^ of the Town Council may vote to ask 
the General Assembly to incorporate a town, or 
to pass an act submitting to the electors of a 
town, • the question whether the town shall 
change its form of government. The members 
of the General Assembly from the town may 
take similar action, and in fact any group of 
citizens may petition the General Assembly to 
pass an act of incorporation for a tow^n, and if 
able to bring to bear sufficient influence or 
pressure upon the General Assembly, may se- 
cure the passage of such an act. 
Sometimes, as was the case in Cranston, a to^^Ti 
in Rhode Island, about five years ago, the Gen- 
eral Assembly, at the instance of the members 
from a town, may introduce an act changing 
the form of government from a toAvn to a city 
and pass the act of incorporation without even 
giving the electors of the town an opportunity 
to vote for or against the proposition. 
The will of the General Assembly is supreme in 
such matters, and the objections of the towns- 
people, even if unanimously opposed to the 
Assembly's action, would avail nothing. 

The next presidential election takes place in 1916. 
The President is chosen by the Electoral Col- 
lege, which is composed of Presidential electors 



100 



elected iii the several States. Each State has 
as many electors as it has members of Congress 
(Senators and Representatives). 

These electors are chosen by the people of each 
State on the Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November in the year of the Presidential 
election, which occurs once in every fourth even 
year. On the second Monday in January 
these Presidential electors meet in their re- 
spective States, usually at the capital of the 
State, and vote by ballot for President and 
Vice-President. Each elector has one vote. 

When the vote has been counted, they make three 
lists of all the persons voted for as President 
and Vice-President, and the number of votes 
each received. These three lists are certified 
to and signed by all the electors, and sealed. 

One list is deposited with the United States dis- 
trict court judge of the district in which the 
electors meet. The other two lists are sent to 
the president of the Senate at Washington, one 
by mail and the other by a special messenger. 
The sealed vote of the Electoral College is 
called "the return." 

On the second Wednesday in February the sealed 
votes received by the president of the Senate 
are opened by him in the presence of the two 
houses of Congress, and the votes are counted. 

The person who has a majority of all the votes 
cast for President is declared to be duly elected 
President of the United States, and the person 
who has a majority of all the votes cast for 



101 



Vice-President is declared duly elected Vice- 
President of the United States. 

7. The Town Organization is a democracy, the City 

Government is representative. 
The executive power of the mayor and aldermen 
in the city corresponds to that of the select- 
men in the town. The legislative power in the 
city is found in the City Council instead of in 
the whole body of voters, as in the town. The 
City Council elects inferior officers, while in 
the town the people do this. In the city, 
voters meet in the districts or wards for the 
election of officers, while in the town all the 
voters usually meet in one bod3\ (In some in- 
stances, however, large towns have been 
divided into voting precincts.) 

8. Assessors of Taxes. — It is their duty to make 

annually a list of the names of all taxable in- 
habitants, to estimate the value of all property, 
real and personal, and to assess a tax upon 
the same. In addition to this property tax a 
poll tax is laid in many States. In such places, 
the assessors must make a list of the names 
of all persons against whom a poll tax is levied. 
School Committee. — The School Committee elected 
by the town usually consists of three or more 
l^ersons, generally an odd number, who in ac- 
cordance with the laws of the State, have the 
entire management and control of the public 
schools of that town. In most States they ex- 
amine the teachers, grant them certificates, fix 
the rate of wages, approve the bills for pay- 



102 



ment, build, repair, and keep in order the 
schoolhouses, arrange courses of study, examine 
the schools, determine rules and regulations for 
them, etc. 
Town Clerk. — The town clerk's duties are: 

(a) To act as clerk of the town meetings. 

(b) To keep the records of all business done in 

the town meetings during the year for 
which he is elected. 

(c) To keep records of births, marriages, and 

deaths in the town. 

(d) To file such papers as properly belong to 

his office. 

(e) To keep in his custody such books and 

papers as belong to the town. 

(f) To perform the general clerical duties for 

the town. 

Town Sergeant. — His duties are: 

(a) To serve summonses issued by the justices. 

(b) To arrest and bring prisoners before a 

justice and to have the custody of them. 

(c) To collect money upon executions, and if 

necessary to sell property to satisfy the 
same. 

(d) To see that order is preserved in the com- 

munity. 

(e) To attend the higher courts in their offi- 

cial capacity when directed by the 
sheriff. 

9. The number of Senators to Congress is deter- 
mined by multiplying two by the number of 
States, each State being allowed two Senators. 



103 



A census of the people is made every ten years, 
and npon this as a basis Congress fixes the 
number of Representatives for the entire coun- 
try, and the number to which each State shall 
be entitled for the next ten years thereaft(M', 

10. The qualifications for President are as follows : 

(a) He must be a native-born citizen. 

(b) He must have attained to the age of 

thirty-five years. 

(c) He must have been for fourteen years a 

resident within the United States. 

11. Military Academii at West Point. — The students 

are termed cadets, and number between three 
and four hundred. They are appointed as 
follows: One from each congressional district, 
one from each of the organized territories, one 
from the District of Columbia, and ten from 
the United States at large. These are all ap- 
pointed by the President, but each member of 
the national House of Representatives nomin- 
ates the candidate for his district. The Presi- 
dent appoints the ten candidates at large. 
Candidates for appointment must not be less 
than seventeen nor more than twenty-two 
years of age, and they are expected to serve in 
the army eight j^ears, unless sooner discharged. 
The examination for admission to West Point is 
careful and accurate upon the elements of a 
good education. In arithmetic, geography, 
English grammar, reading, writing, spelling, 
and the history of the United States, thorough- 
ness and accuracy are required. 



104 

It has become eustomaiy of late for congressmen 
to hold competitive examinations, and to 
nominate for vacant positions at West Point 
those who have passed the best examinations 
in respect to mental (inalifications and scholar- 
ship, with good physical health, strength, and 
development. 

The superintendent and principal members of 
the faculty are regular officers in the arm}^ 

Each cadet receives an allowance during his term 
of study sufficient to pay his necessary ex- 
penses for clothing, board, etc. The entire ex- 
pense of the academy is met by the United 
States government. Congress makes annually 
for this purpose an approi^riation of three hun- 
dred thousand dollars or more. 

Naval Academy at Annapolis. — Under the charge 
of the Department of the Navy is maintained, 
at Annapolis, Md., a naval academy similar to 
the military academy at West Point. To enter 
this academy as cadet midshipman, the student 
must not be less than fifteen, nor more than 
twenty years of age. The same number is al- 
lowed as at West Point, and by the same 
method of appointment. The course of study 
embraces six years, and the student on grad- 
uating becomes midshipman, subject to pro- 
motion as vacancies occur. This academy re- 
quires an annual appropriation from the gov- 
ernment of two hundred thousand dollars or 
more. 
12. No alien may be naturalized if his country be at 
war with the Ignited States. 



A foreigner is naturalized by appearing in court, 
declaring his intention to become a citizen of 
the United States and his purpose to renounce 
all allegiance to the government of which he is 
or has been subject. After two years more, he 
must appear in open court, renounce upon oath 
or affirmative all foreign allegiance, and swear 
to support the Constitution of the United 
States. If he bears any title of nobility, he 
must renounce it. 

Before he can receive his naturalization papers, 
he must have resided in the United States for 
at least five vears continuouslv. 



Set 24. 

Commodore Barry was born in Ireland; he was 
an active commander in the Revolutionary 
nav}^ In the Lexington he captured the 
Edward, the first British war vessel cap- 
tured by a commissioned officer of the United 
States Navy. In 1781, in the Alliance, he 
captured the Atlanta and the Trespassy. 
On the revival of the navy in 1784 he was 
named senior officer, with the rank of com- 
modore. He is the father of the American 
navy, and throughout his whole life was a de- 
vout practical Catholic. Lord Llow^e once of- 
fered him 15,000 guineas and a commission in 
the English navy, if he would join the royal 
standard. Barry indignantly rejected the 
bribe, adding: ''Xot the value, nor the com- 



106 



mand of the whole British fleet, could tempt 
me from the American cause." 

Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834), a celebrated 
French nobleman, statesman, and patriot, and 
a distinguished general in the American Revo- 
lution. In 1777, having heard the Declaration 
of Independence, he favored its principles, and 
notwithstanding the opposition of friends, he 
fitted out a frigate at his owai expense, and 
sailed for this country. He fought as a volun- 
teer at the battles of Brandywine and Mon- 
mouth, and commanded "Washington's van- 
guard at the surrender of Cornwallis. 

Benjamin Franklin helped to draft the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and w^as one of its 
signers. He was ambassador to France, and 
became to the American cause in the Old World 
what Washington was in the New. He was 
president of Pennsylvania for three successive 
years, and a member of the Constitutional 
Convention. 

Alexander Hamilton. — At the age of nineteen he 
was appointed to the command of a company 
of artillery. His conduct at the battles of 
Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, etc., 
gained Washington 's notice, and he was chosen 
aid-de-camp. Henceforth he was that great 
commander's most intimate friend and adviser. 
With Madison and Jay, he wrote "The Fed- 
eralist," a series of essays which powerfully 
contributed to the ratification of the Constitu- 
tion by the people. His financial policy, when 



107 

Secretary of the Treasurj^ established the 
credit of the rising nation. 
Thomas Jefferson, the 'SSage of Monticello," 
drafted the Declaration of Independence. He 
was an ardent supporter of the doctrine of 
State rights, and led the opposition to the Fed- 
eralists. He was our third President. 

2. See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 

3. (a) The naval battle between the Merrimac and 

the Monitor, March 9, 1862, saved the 
Union shipping from destruction, helped 
to decide the fate of the Avar in favor of 
the North, revolutionized naval warfare, 
and gave the death blow to wooden war 
ships. 
(b) The naval battle between the Alabama and 
the Kearsarge took place off Cherbourg, 
France, June, 1864. The Alabama was 
sunk, her officers escaping on an English 
yacht. Thus we were rid of a vessel that 
had done enormous damage to Northern 
shipping. 

4. See Map No. 6. 

5. The Southern soldiers made long and rapid 

marches, their endurance of hardships w^as 
wonderful. They had the advantage of fight- 
ing on the defensive. Their armies moved 
upon shorter inside lines, and fought mostly 
in regions where the people were on their side, 
and in a country Avith which they were thor- 
oughly familiar. They showed great military 
daring and dash, and tried to defeat and dis- 



lOS 



hearten their foe in this way. The}^ held out 
often against the greatest odds, their food was 
very poor, and the commissary department 
poorly managed. They were enthusiastieally 
united, becattse they felt they were fighting for 
their homes and against invasion. 
The Southerners Avere accustomed to outdoor life, 
to the use of firearms, and to the management 
of horses, and had able commanders trained in 
the national military schools of West Point 
and in the wars of the Union. The great gen- 
erals, Lee, Jackson, and Johnston, laid out 
their plans well, and fought with great bravery, 
skillful maneuvering, and extraordinary rapid- 
ity of movement. 

6. (a) Free Trade means that one should be allowed 

to buy his goods where he can get them 
cheapest. 

(b) Tcrriff for Revenue means that tariff should be 
levied only to raise money to carry on the 
government, and should not have for its 
principal object the protection of any in- 
dustry. 

(e) A Protective Tariff means that the tariff 
should be placed so high that foreign goods 
could not compete with domestic manu- 
facture. 

7. W(t>i]iiugto)t Jrviiig is the father of American lit- 

erature. He is a prose writer, a model of good 
English st^de, a specialist in the writing of 
sketches. Worl's : — ' ' Knickerbocker 's History 
of New York," ''The Sketch-book," ''The 



109 



Alhaiiibra,'' "Life of Columbus," "Life of 
A¥ashington, ' ' etc. 

Henry W. Longfellow is our most widely loved 
poet. His poetry expresses a universal senti- 
ment in the simplest and most melodious man- 
ner. There is hardly any style of poetry that 
is not used by him. TForA:s:—" Evangeline," 
"Hiawatha," "Tales of a Wayside Inn," 
"Translation of Dante's Divina Commedia," 
"Outre-Mer." 

Daniel Webster was a great orator. His orations 
are not all on political subjects. Works: — 
Oration at the laying of the corner-stone of 
Bunker Hill ^Monument and at the completion 
of the monument ; eulogies on Adams and Jef- 
ferson. 

Father Ryan was poet laureate of the Confeder- 
acy. His works were all sad, and are cherished 
for their sentiment by his fellow Southerners. 
Viorks: — "Conquered Banner," "Sword of 
Lee," "Their Story Runneth Thus." 

Christian Reid. — Frances Christine Fisher Tier- 
nan, known as "Christian Reid," is a prolific 
writer of stories. An exuberant fancy marks 
her style; Catholicism is a dominant note. 
Works:— ''A Child of Mary," "Weighed in 
the Balance," "The Heart of Steel," "Ros- 
lyn's Fortune." 

Three Departments: — Legislative, Executive, Ju- 
dicial. 

Legislative (law-making), makes the laws; is 
vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 



110 



ExecidivG (law-enforcing), sees that the laws are 
carried into effect or executed ; is vested in the 
President of the United States. 

Judicial (law-explaining), interprets the laws, 
and attends to the administration of justice; 
is vested in a Supreme Court and in inferior 
courts that Congress has established. 

9. Bills for raising revenue must originate in the 
House of Representatives. 

(a) The presiding officer of the Senate is the 

Vice-President of the United States. 

(b) The presiding officer of the House of Rep- 

resentatives is the Speaker. 

10. Qualifications for President. — See Set 23, No. 10. 

Term of Office. — Four j^ears. 

Military Poiver. — He is commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of the United States, and of 
the militia of the several States when engaged 
in the national service. He does not command 
in person, but places the forces under officers 
of his choice. 

Duties. — All the duties are summed up in these 
words: He shall take care that the laws are 
. faithfully executed. 

Powers. — ''He shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offence against the United 
States, except in eases of impeachment." 

He makes treaties with foreign nations, with the 
advice and consent of the Senate. 

He appoints "ambassadors, foreign ministers and 
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
other officers of the United States whose ap- 



Ill 



pointmeuts arc not herein provided for, and 
which shall be established by law." 
He has power to make temporary appointments 
of officers of the United States when vacancies 
happen during the recess of the Senate. 

Set 25. 

1. Spanish. — St. Augustine, Isabella (Hayti), Santa 

Maria (Darien). 
French. — Quebec, Port Royal (Acadia). 
English . — Jamestown, Ph^mouth, Philadelphia. 
Dutch. — New Amsterdam. 
Swedes. — Wilmington (Del.) . 

2. Causes. — Remote. 

(a) The character of the colonists. 

(b) The arbitrary government of England. 

(1) Taxation of the colonists without their 

consent. 

(2) Laws passed by Parliament interfering 

with colonial trade and industries. 

(3) The character of the royal governors. 

(c) The presence of anti-monarchial institutions. 

(1) Free schools, free press, town meet- 
ings, <?tc. 

(d) The results of the inter-colonial wars. 
Immediate. The Stamp Act. 

Results: — 

1. The treaty of Versailles, or Paris. 

(a) Great Britain acknowledged the inde- 

pendence of the United States. 

(b) The boundaries of the United States: 

North and east as at present; south, 
Florida; west, the Mississippi River. 



(c) Free navigation of the Mississippi 

River and the Great Lakes was 
granted to the United States. 

(d) The United States was given an interest 

in the fisheries. 

(e) England retained Canada and the con- 

trol of the St. Lawrence River. 

(f) England granted Florida to Spain. 

2. Cost. 

(a) England: men, 50,000; money, about 

$610,000,000. 

(b) United States: men, 40,000; money 

about $135,000,000. 

3. 1788 — Northwest and Southwest Territories ac- 

(juired by Treaty of Peace with Great Britain. 

1803 — Louisiana Territory by purchase from 
France. 

1819 — Florida by purchase from Spain. 

1845 — Texas by annexation. 

1846 — Oregon Territoi-y by treaty ^^■itll Great 
Britain. 

1848 — New Mexico and California by cession from 
Mexico for $15,000,000 and assumption of 
claims of American citizens against Mexico. 

1853 — Gadsden Purchase by cession from ]\Iexico 
for $10,000,000. 

1867 — Alaska by purchase from Russia. 

1898 — Hawaii by annexation. 

1899 — Philippine Islands, Porto Rico and Guam 
by Treaty of Paris at close of Spanish- Ameri- 
can War. 



113 



4. 



1900— Tutuila acquired by agreement with Great 

Britain and Germany in 1899. 
1904 — Panama Canal Zone by treaty witli 

Panama. 

The Trent Affair was important because by her 
action in this matter England gave up forever 
her earlier doctrine of the ''right of search". 
It was therefore a diplomatic victory for the 
United States. 

Alabama Difficulty. — The Alabama did great 
damage to our shipping. The Alabama Diffi- 
culty proved to the United States that Eng- 
land had to recognize her claims, and to Eng- 
land that she had failed to do her duty; the 
British government made a formal apology to 
the United States, thus acknowledging our 
rights. 

Monitor amd Mcrrimac. — This naval battle was 
important because it saved our fleet from de- 
struction. It made the nations of the world 
rebuild their navies, changed the character of 
n.aval warfare. 

General George Washington (1732-1799), the first 
President of the United States, deservedly 
styled the ''Father of his Country", was born 
in Westmoreland County, Virginia. At eleven 
years of age, he was left fatherless; and his 
education was henceforth directed by his 
mother, a woman of singularly fine character. 
Through her careful training, he acquired 
habits of self-command, truthfulness, indus- 
try, frugality, and love of the true and good. 



which clung to him through life. He had a 
decided taste for mathematics; and he passed 
rapidly from simple arithmetic into geometr}^, 
trigonometr}^, and surveying. 

Washington. — Establishment of the First Na- 
tional Bank. 

Adams. — Passage of Alien and Sedition Laws. 

Jejferson. — ^War with Tripoli. 

Madison.— War with England, 1812. 

Monroe. — The Missouri Compromise. The Pur- 
chase of Florida. 

In 1820, there were twenty-two States in the 
Union, eleven slave and eleven free. The ad- 
mission of Missouri caused a dispute because 
the North was opposed to the extension of 
slavery into States beyond the Mississippi 
Eiver, and the South was equally determined 
that slavery should cross the Mississippi. Each 
side was so determined, that a compromise was 
suggested. The country east of the Mississippi 
was partly slave and partly free soil. Why 
not divide the country west in the same way? 
The North refused. Just at that time Maine 
asked for admission into the Union as a free 
State. The South, which controlled the Senate 
said to the North, which controlled the House 
of Representatives, if you will admit Missouri 
as a slave State, we will admit Maine as a free 
State. After a bitter, angry discussion the 
Missouri Compromise was agreed upon. See 
Set 9, No. 7 (a). 

See Answers to No. 3, Set 25, from 1867 on. 



]15 



9. Samuel Adams, a cousin of John Adams, took an 
active part in the Boston town-meetings. He 
led in the protests against taxation without 
representation. He was a member of the Con- 
tinental Congress, a signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, and a member of the Massa- 
chusetts State Convention which ratified the 
Constitution of the United States. Perhaps, 
no one did more to bring about the American 
Revolution than did Samuel Adams. 
Ethan Allen took an active part in the resistance 
of the ''Green Mountain Boys" to the New 
York Government. On May 10, 1775, wdth a 
small force he captured Ticonderoga from the 
British. Crown Point and Skenesborough were 
also taken. He was for three years a British 
captive. 

Alexander G. Bell was born in Scotland in 1847, 
and came to the United States in 1872. He 
was the inventor of the ieleplione, wdiich he 
first exhibited publicly at Philadelphia, in 1876. 

Nathan Hale was a captain in the Revolutionary 
War. On one occasion he volunteered to dis- 
cover the position of the British forces in New 
York. He was apprehended and hanged as a 
spy. His last words were, ''I only regret that 
I have but one life to lose for my country. ' ' 

Francis S. Key wrote the ''Star Spangled Ban- 
ner." See Set 20, No. 2. 

John Jay was associated with Adams and Frank- 
lin in negotiating the peace with England ; his 
services in this treaty were conspicuous. In 



IIG 

1789, he was appointed first Chief Justice of 
the Supreme Court by Washington. In 1794, 
he was sent as special envoy to England to 
negotiate the treaty called ''Jay Treaty," 
which was the object of fierce abuse. 

James B. Eads was noted for his achievements in 
engineering. Two examples of which are the 
construction of the St. Louis Bridge, with a 
central span of five hundred and twenty feet, 
and the jetties of the Mississippi River. 

10. A Census is an official registration of the number 
of the people, the value of their estates, and 
other general statistics of a country. A general 
census of the United States was first taken in 

1790, and one has been taken at the end of 
every ten years since. 

A Copyright is the right of an author or his 
assignee, under statute, to print and publish his 
literature or artistic work, exclusively of all 
other persons. This right may be had in 
maps, charts, engi'avings, plays, and musical 
compositions, as well as in books. 

Coiuiterfeitivq is the copying or forging 1)ank 
notes or coin. 

A Patent is a writing securing to an inventor, for 
a term of years, the exclusive right to his in- 
vention. 

Treason in the United States is confined to the 
actual levying of war against the United 
States, or to an adhering to their enemies, giv- 
ing thcTU aid and comfort. 



I 



117 

A Treaty is an agreement, league, or contract, 
between two or more nations or rulers, formally 
signed by commissioners properly authorized, 
and solemnly ratified by the supreme power of 
each nation. 

A Privateer is an armed private vessel which 
bears the commission of the government, giving 
it the right to capture vessels belonging to the 
enemy, but only in time of war. The spoils 
thus captured belong to the owner of the ves- 
sel. 

11. (a) President McKinley, while giving a public 
reception at the Pan-American Exposition 
in Buffalo, was shot by an anarchist, Sep- 
tember 6, 1901. He died on the 14th and 
was buried at Canton, Ohio. 

(1)) The purchase of Alaska has been a financial 
benefit to the United States, owing to the 
gold, forest timber, and seal fisheries found 
there. The shores abound in cod and great 
quantities of salmon are taken in the 
rivers. The natural resources of Alaska 
remain as yet undeveloped. 

(c) Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. — In 
January, 1893, the existing monarchy in 
Hawaii was overthrown. The revolution- 
ists were aided by our Steamer ''Boston." 
The provisional government, which was 
then organized, negotiated a treaty of an- 
nexation with the United States. Presi- 
dent Harrison sent this treaty to the 
Senate ; but it was withdrawn by President 



118 



Cleveland when lie took the office as Presi- 
dent. On Jnly 4, 1894, the republic of 
Hawaii was established, and President 
Cleveland recognized it. Four years af- 
terwards Hawaii was annexed to the 
United States. 

Set 26. 

1. In 1539, Father Mark, an Italian Franciscan, 
resolved to carry the Gospel to the inland 
tribes. Having traveled many hundred miles, 
he, at length, reached Mexico, and planted a 
cross at the Indian city of Cibola. The entire 
region he named San Francisco, in honor of 
his beloved patron. 

In 1540, five Franciscans, all eager to labor for 
the salvation of the Indians, accompanied an 
expedition to New Mexico, under Coronado. 
He dissatisfied with the result, returned to 
Mexico; but two of the missionaries, Father 
John de Padilla and Brother John of the Cross, 
with heroic courage remained in the country 
and taught the doctrine of Christ, until they 
were slain during an incursion of stranger 
savages. 

In 1549, Father Cancer, a holy Dominican, and 
friend of Las Casas, unarmed and unattended, 
visited Florida in the hope of converting the 
natives. Soon after his arrival, he was scalped 
by the Indians, thus falling a martyr to his 
zeal. 

There were flourishing missions among the 
Pueblos. 



119 



Cliamplain, recognizing tlie importance of gain- 
ing the sympathy of the Indians, invited the 
Franciscans from France to establish missions 
among the tribes. One of these Franciscans 
penetrated as far as Lake Huron, where he 
established a settlement at Thunder Bay. In 
1625, the Jesuits came to New France. They 
traversed the forest and established missions 
during the next fifty years at Mackinac, St. 
Ignace, Sault Ste. Marie, Green Bay, Kas- 
kaskia and other places. Later on missions 
were founded on the southern shores of Lake 
Superior. Father Marquette set out to es- 
tablish a mission among the Kaskaskias, but 
fell ill soon after reaching their village. These 
French Missions among the Indians were, on 
the whole, very successful. 

The Jesuits attempted to found missions in 
Florida, but many were killed and the rest 
were recalled and sent to Mexico. The Fran- 
ciscans now took up the missionary work in 
Florida. But the missions were destroyed, 
and the missionaries fell victims to the fury 
of the savages. 

Father Eale was the faithful friend of the 
Abenakis. He wrote a dictionary of their 
language, and was one of the most heroic of 
the many brave Jesuits who faced death 
hourly for the faith. 

So great was the missionaries' zeal tliat before 
the close of the 17th century, Catholicity had 
made the circuit of the country from Maine 



120 



to Jbloricla, from Michigan and Wisconsin to 
Louisiana and Texas. 

Discoveries. — Salt-springs of New York; oil- 
springs of Pennsylvania; first worked copper- 
mines of Lake Superior; marked location of 
coal mine on the banks of the Illinois Kiver. 

Introduced. — Sugar-cane from New Orleans; 
wheat and plough into the prairies; planted 
the peach in Illinois. 

Made. — Wine from native grape; wax fi'om wild 
laurel; incense from gum-tree. 

Dreiv attention to cotton-plant and mulberrj^ of 
Mississippi Valley. 

2. (a) The Battle of Saratoga and the Surrender 
of Burgoyne was the turning point of 
the Revolutionary War, because it 
changed the public opinion in England, 
filling the English with despair. At one 
blow a third of their arm}^ in America 
had vanished, and the well-laid plan of 
the king and ministry had failed. Hope- 
less of success, Lord North sought for 
peace, offering the Americans everything 
that they had asked except independence. 
He was too late. 
The result of this battle filled the Ameri- 
cans with joy and confidence. It has been 
classed among the fifteen decisive battles 
of the world's history. 
(b) The 1 battle of Gettysburg was the turning 
point in the Civil War, for after it Lee 
never again attempted to invade the 



121 



North, and the terrible loss of men he 
suffered there could never be replaced; 
thus the Confederacy was weakened, and 
the tide of the Civil War was turned in 
favor of the North. 

(a) See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 

(b) After the overthrow of the empire of the 

first Napoleon, France, Russia, Prussia, 
and Austria formed an alliance for pre- 
serving the balance of power and sup- 
pressing revolutions within one another's 
dominions. The Spanish colonies in 
America having revolted, it was rumored 
that this alliance contemplated their re- 
duction, although the United States recog- 
nized their independence. George Can- 
ning, the English Secretary of State, pro- 
posed that the United States join Eng- 
land in the prevention of such suppres- 
sion. After consulting with Jefferson, 
Madison, John Quincy Adams, and Cal- 
houn, President Monroe embodied in his 
annual message to Congress in 1823 a 
clause wliich has since become celebrated 
as the ^'Monroe Doctrine." Referring to 
the proposed intervention of the allied 
powers the message stated that we ' ' should 
consider any attemj^t on their part to ex- 
tend their system to any portion of this 
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and 
safety;" and again, "that the American 
continents, by the free and independent 



122 



condition which they have assumed and 
maintain, are henceforth not to be con- 
sidered as subjects for future colonization 
by any European powers." The doctrine 
thus set forth has been maintained by 
the United States on many subsequent 
occasions, notably in matters relating to 
the Isthmus of Panama and in the case 
of the French intervention in Mexico 
under Maximilian. 
(c) It is not a law. 

4. (a) The Cotton-Crin made the picking of cotton 
easy, hence more slaves were needed in 
the cotton fields. The invention of the 
cotton-gin helped to fasten slavery on the 
country, and prevented its peaceful 
abolition. 

(b) The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery 

in all territory north of 36° 30' except 
Missouri, and thus the agitation of the 
slavery question was allayed for nearly 
twenty-five years. 

(c) Three clauses of the Omnibus Bill favored 

slavery, and thus the opponents of slavery 
w^ere multiplied. 

(d) Kansas-N chraska Bill. — This bill allowed the 

people to decide whether or not they 
would have slavery. Kansas entered the 
Union as a free State, thus allaying in 
a measure the slavery question. The Bill 
caused a Civil AVar in Kansas. It caused 
the formation of the Republican party 



123 

on tlie principle of no extension of slavery. 
It made the Fugitive Slave Law a dead 
letter at the North, 
(e) Bred Scott Decision. — The Supreme Court's 
decision regarding the Missouri Compro- 
mise as unconstitutional, opened all the 
Territories of the United States to slavery. 
This caused great indignation throughout 
the North. 

5. See Set 18, No. 4 (b). 

6. Routes of Trade. — 

(a) From Venice to the Adriatic Sea, through 

this sea and the Mediterranean to Alexan- 
dria in Egypt ; thence across the Isthmus 
of Suez, through the Red Sea and the 
Indian Ocean to the Asiatic ports. 

(b) From Genoa to Constantinople by way of 

the Mediterranean, across the Black Sea 
where they met the caravans that came 
overland from the East, or up the Valleys 
of the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. 
Owing to pirates and robbers who captured 
the goods, and the Turks who made it a 
business to attack and plunder the ships 
laden with rich stuffs and to murder the 
crews, other and safer routes to India 
were sought. 

7. In some cases, the early settlers vv'ere people who 

had not been used to work, and therefore were 
unfitted to clear forests and build homes. 
Another cause was the unfriendliness of the 
Indians. 



124 



Thirdly, the hardships accompanying the settle- 
ment of a country caused sickness, discourage- 
ment, etc., and their numbers were often so 
thinned by death that the settlement was de- 
serted before additional settlers came. 

John Winthrop became governor of the Massa- 
chusetts Bay Colony at Salem, and founded 
Boston in 1630. 

Cecil Calvert aided his brother, Leonard Calvert, 
to found the first Catholic settlement in Mary- 
land, naming it St. Mary's. 

George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, father 
of Cecil Calvert, with the same design had 
attempted to plant a colony in Newfoundland. 
But having failed on account of the severity 
of the climate, he visited Virginia. When he 
found that the Catholics were there treated 
with great harshness, he returned to England, 
took out a grant of land, and bestowed upon 
it, in honor of the queen, the name Mary's 
Land. Before the patent had received the 
great seal of the king. Lord Baltimore died. 
His son inheriting the father's noble and 
benevolent views, secured the grant himself 
and carried out the philanthropic scheme. 

William Penn and his companion Quakers 
marked out the city of Philadelphia on the 
Schuylkill in 1682, and founded Pennsylvania 
as a refuge for Quakers. 

James Oglethorpe and his companions settled 
Georgia, a colony for oppressed debtors, and 
founded Savannah in 1733. 



9. (a) The attempt of the English to wrest terri- 
from the Indians caused trouble between 
the English and the Indians. 
(b) The French under Champlain aided the 
Algonquins to fight against the Iroquois 
of Central New York; therefore the Iro- 
quois were hostile toward the French. 

Set 27. 

1. By the treaty of 1783 the boundary of the United 

States was declared to be about what is the 
present northern boundary, from the mouth 
of the St. Croix River in Maine, to the Lake 
of the Woods, and then due west to the Mis- 
sissippi (which was, of course, an impossible 
line, for that river does not rise in Canada) ; 
then down the Mississippi to 31° north lati- 
tude; then eastward along that parallel of 
latitude to the Apalachicola River, and then 
by what is now the northern boundary of 
Florida to the Atlantic. 

2. 1781— The Surrender of Cornwallis which in- 

sured our Independence. 
1789— The Inauguration of Washington. 
1803 — The Purchase of Louisiana. 
1861— The Civil War began with the fall of 

Fort Sumter. 
1898 — The Hawaiian Islands were annexed to the 

United States. 

3. The chief cause of the War of 1812 was the im- 

pressment of American seamen. 



126 



4. Tlie Battle of Lake Erie. — On September 10, 

1813, Commodore Oliver Perry, with nine 
vessels, half of them built on the lake shore, 
attacked the British fleet. Perry 's ship, the 
Lawrence, was quickly riddled. Leaving her 
in a sinking condition, Perry transferred his 
flag amid a shower of bullets to the Niagara. 
The battle was a complete defeat for the 
British. Perry sent to General Harrison this 
message : ' ' We have met the enemy and they 
are ours; two ships, two brigs", one schooner, 
and one sloop." As we now controlled Lake 
Erie, the British were compelled to abandon 
Detroit, and the territory surrendered by 
Hull was recovered. (Perry's vessel was 
named Lawrence after the hero of the Chesa- 
peake. Over his vessel floated a flag with the 
words, ''Don't give up the ship.") 

5. 1803 — Louisiana Territory purchased from 

France for $15,000,000 during Jefferson's 

administration. 
1819 — Florida was purchased from Spain for 

$5,000,000 during Monroe's administration. 
1845 — Texas was annexed and admitted as a 

State. 
1846 — The claim of the United States to the 

Oregon Territory was settled by treaty with 

Great Britain. 
Panama Canal Zone. — By the treaty between the 

United States and the Republic of Panama 

ratified by the United States Senate February 

23, 1904, ratifications exchanged and effective 



]27 

February 26, 1904, Panama ceded to tlie United 
States a strip of territory adjacent to the 
canal. By this treaty the United States gained 
control of a strip of land ten miles wide, ex- 
tending five miles on each side of the canal 
throughout its entire length, not including the 
towns of Panama and Colon. It is forty miles 
long and its direction is from northwest to 
southeast. The United States paid Panama 
$10,000,000, granted an annual payment of 
$250,000 and guaranteed the independence of 
Panama. 

6. Slavery in the United States. — In August, 1619, 
a Dutch ship came up the James River with 
twenty negroes, who were sold as slaves to 
the planters. This was the beginning of negro 
slavery in Virginia. Slavery increased until 
at last there were slaves in every colony in 
America. 

As a result of the invention of the cotton-gin, 
cotton growing became one of the leading in- 
dustries of the country. It rendered slave 
labor very profitable and enlisted the sympa- 
thy of the northern mill owners in maintain- 
ing the slave system in the South. 

The Slave Trade was prohibited by act of Con- 
gress in 1807. Xo more slaves were to be 
imported into the United States after January 
1, 1808. 

By the Emancipation Proclamation, issued for 
the first time September 22, 1862, all the 
slaves in the rebelling States were freed. 



]28 



This proclamation went into effect January 1, 
1863, and was issnecl b}^ President Lincoln as 
a war measure. 
The slaves in those States that had not seceded 
from the Union, and in the territory regained 
by the Union army during the war, w^ere freed 
by the Thirteenth Amendment. It was passed 
in 1865, and legally destroyed the institution 
of slavery. 

(a) See Set 12, No. 9. 

(b) The coast to be blockaded was nineteen 

hundred miles long, and to accomplish this, 
the seventeen vessels abroad were re- 
called, more hastily built, and in time, 
four hundred merchantmen and river 
steamboats were bought and roughly 
adapted at the navy yards for war service. 
In 1861, Lincoln issued two 'proclama- 
tions declaring the coast from Virginia to 
Texas blockaded. This meant that armed 
vessels were to be stationed off the sea- 
ports of the South, and that no ships from 
any country were to be allowed to go in 
or out of them. The purpose was to cut 
off all trade and weaken the South. 
In the course of 1861, the blockade was 
made close ; the hulks of old whalers were 
loaded with stone and sunk in the chan- 
nels, and to get in or out became more 
difficult. "Running the blockade" be- 
came a regular business. The blockade 
runners were long, low steam vessels which 



129 



drew only a few feet of water and had 
great speed. Their hulks were but a few 
feet out of ^^•ater and were painted a dull 
gray. Their smokestacks could be lowered 
to the deck, and they burned anthracite 
coal, which made no smoke. During the 
war, fifteen hundred and four blockade 
runners were captured or destroyed. 
(c) See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 

8. (a) See Set 3, Xo. 12 (d). 

(b) See Set 9, Xo. 7 (a). 

(c) On July 13, 1787, Congress passed a very 

famous law, called the Ordinance of 1787. 
It provided for the government of the 
X^orthwest Territory. Previous to this 
several States had laid claim to this sec- 
tion, but a compromise measure was made 
and b}' the Ordinance of 1787 slavery was 
forever prohibited from the Xorthwest 
Territor\^, religious freedom was granted 
and education was encouraged. 

9. (a) See Set 23, Xo. 3. 

(b) The Dutch settlers in X'^ew Amsterdam in- 
stituted a free school system, much to the 
credit of the country. This system was 
not kept up by the early English who 
followed them, but it never entirety died 
out. At the present day the X'^ew York 
free school system is among the best in 
the country. 
10. The invention of the Telegraph by Samuel F. B. 
Morse, in 1837. 



130 



The invention of the Reaper by Cyrus H. McCor- 

mick, in 1833. 
The invention of the Sewing Machine by Elias 

Howe, in 1846. 
Edison's inventions. The Electric Light and the 

Phonograph. 
The Atlantic Telegraph Cable by Cyrns Field, in 

1866. 

11. Veto:— ''I forbid." The refusal of a President 

or Governor to sign a bill passed by Congress 
or the Legislature. A method of preventing a 
bill from becoming a law on its first passage. 

Treason: — '^Levying war against the United 
States or adhering to their enemies, giving 
them aid and comfort." 

Impeachment : — See Set 20, No. 7. 

Census: — The enumeration of the people of a 
state or country. This is provided for by the 
Constitution of the United States and is taken 
by the government once in ten years. Its uses 
in our country are: — 

1. To apportion representatives. 

2. To lay direct taxes. 

3. As a matter of history. 
Copijright:—See Set 16, No. 9. 

12. (a) Trolley cars afford rapid transit, and make 

it possible for people to reach places that 
are not near railways or railway centers. 
Horses are saved. The expenses of carry- 
ing on street car railways are much di- 
minished. 



131 



(b) The Civil Service rjf the United Stcdes. 

The ''Spoils System'' was a bad thing for 
the country, as with each new president, 
officials who had become acquainted with 
their work were expelled, and the friends 
of the president put in their places. The 
evils of this system brought about the 
adoption of a Civil Service System, by 
Avhich government officials and clerks are 
obliged to pass an examination to enter 
office. In 1883 a Civil Service Commission 
was appointed, and arranged exandnations 
for government officers. President Arthur 
at once put these in force. This system 
has since been extended to all departments 
of the government, also to railroad sys- 
tems, etc. 

Set 28. 

1. For boundaries see Set 27, Xo. 1. 

Then there were thirteen States, now (1914) 
there are forty-eight States. 

The population according to the first census taken 
in 1790 was 3,929,827. (Lawler.) When the 
war closed in 1783, the population was about 
three million. 

The population now (1910) is 91,972,266 without 
Alaska. (Tarr & McMurry.) 

The term ' ' center of population ' ' is that point in 
the United States where there are just as many 
people east as west, and just as many north 
as south. Of course, as population changes, 
the point shifts its position. Tt has clung quite 



132 

closely, however, to the thirty-ninth parallel 
of latitude, and has moved slowly westward 
during the past one hundred and twenty years. 
In 1790 it was twenty-three miles east of Bal- 
timore, Maryland. It is now, according to the 
census of 1910, within the city limits of 
Bloomington, Indiana. The change is due to 
the immigration westward. 
2. The Constitution was framed and adopted, be- 
cause the Constitutional Convention which met 
to "revise the Articles of Confederation and 
report to Congress and the several Legislatures 
such alterations and provisions therein as shall, 
when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by 
the States, render the Federal Constitution 
adequate to the exigencies of government and 
the preservation of the Union," found it im- 
possible to amend the Articles, and that it 
would be much better to make a new Constitu- 
tion. It went into effect when New Hampshire, 
the ninth State had ratified it, June 21, 1788. 
3. (a) ''Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several States according to their re- 
spective numbers." During the existence 
of slavery, three-fifths of the slaves were 
to be counted in apportioning Represen- 
tatives among the States, 
(b) "The Senate shall be composed of two mem- 
bers from each State for a term of six 
years ; and each Senator shall have one 
vote." 
New Jersey has twelve representatives in 
Congress. 



333 



4. (a) Congress declares war. 

(b) The President b}' and with the advice and 

consent of the Senate makes treaties. 

(c) Congress establishes post-offices. 

(d) The President by and with the advice and 

consent of the Senate appoints judges of 
the Supreme Court. 

(e) The Senate has the sole power to try all im- 

peachment cases. 

5. President Lincoln's administration w^as distin- 

guished by the Civil War. For causes, see Set 
6, No. 8. For questions settled, see Set 10, 
No. 9. 

6. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on 

September 22, 1862, declaring that if the Con- 
federate States did not return to their alle- 
giance before January 1, 1863, ''all persons 
held as slaves" within the Confederate lines 
' ' shall be then, thenceforth, and forever free. ' ' 
The States did not return and on January 1, 
1863, a second proclamation was issued setting 
the slaves free. 
The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to 
any of the loyal slave States, nor to such ter- 
ritory as the Union army had reconquered. In 
none of these places did it free slaves. To 
free these, the Thirteenth Amendment was 
adopted, thus freeing aU slaves within the 
limits of the United States. 

7. The Battle of Gettysburg is the most important 

land battle of the Civil War. It checked the 
invasion of the North, turned the tide of the 



134 

war in favor of the North, and weakened the 
Confederacy. 
The battle between the Monitor and the jMerrimac 
is the most important naval battle. It showed 
the value of ironclad vessels, gave the North 
courage to continue the war, and caused the 
rebuilding of the navies of the whole world. 

Lee's Second Invasion of the NortJi. 

Lee, encouraged by his success at Chancellorsville, 
now determined to carry the war into Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania. With the finest army 
the South had ever sent forth, the flower of 
her troops, carefully equii:)ped and confident 
of success, he rapidly moved into the Shenan- 
doah Valley, crossed the Potomac, and ad- 
vanced into Pennsylvania. The Union army 
followed a little farther east. 

Battle of Gettyshurg (July 1-3). First Day.— 
The Confederate advance unexpectedly met the 
Union cavalry near Gettysburg. Neither gen- 
eral had planned to have the fight at this place ; 
Lee had intended not to fight at all, except a 
defensive battle, and Meade proposed to make 
the contest at Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles 
southeast from Gettysburg. The movement of 
cavalry which brought on this great battle was 
only a screen to conceal the Union army 
marching toward Meade's desired battlefield. 
Re-enforcements came up on both sides; but 
the Federal troops were finally forced back, 
and, becoming entangled in the streets of the 
village, lost many prisoners. All that night 



185 



the troops kept arriving and taking their posi- 
tions b}^ moonlight, to be ready for the contest 
which they saw was now close at hand. 
The Union line was upon a fishhook-shaped ridge 
about six miles long, with Gulps Hill at the 
barb, Cemeterj^ Ridge along the side, and Little 
Round Top and Round Top, two eminences, at 
the e.ye. The Confederate line was on Semi- 
nary Ridge, at a distance of about a mile and 
a half. The Union troops lay behind rock 
ledges and stone walls, while the Confederates 
were largely hidden in the woods. In the val- 
ley between were fields of grain and pastures 
where cattle were feeding, all unconscious of 
the gathering storm. 

Second Day. — In the afternoon Longstreet led the 
first grand charge against the Union left, in 
order to secure Little Round Top. General 
Sickles, b}" mistake, had here taken a position 
in front of Meade's intended line of battle. 
The Confederates, far outflanking, swung 
around him: but, as they reached the top of 
the hill, they met a brigade which Warren had 
sent just in time to defeat this attempt. 
Sickles was, however, driven back to Cemetery 
Ridge, where he stood firm. Ewell, in an at- 
tack on the Federal right, succeeded in getting 
a position on Culps Hill. 

Lee encouraged by these successes, resolved to 
continue the fight. The Confederate victories, 
however, were only apparent. Sickles had been 
forced into a better position than at first, and 



136 



the one which ]\Ieade had intended he shoukl 
occupy; while Ewell was driven ont of the 
Union works early the next morning. 

Third Bay. — At 1 P. M. Lee suddenly opened on 
Cemetery Ridge with one hundred and fiftj^ 
guns. For two hours the air was alive with 
shells. Then the cannonade lulled, and out of 
the woods sw^pt the Confederate battle line, 
over a mile long, and preceded by a cloud of 
skirmishers. A thrill of admiration ran along 
the Union ranks as, silently and with disci- 
plined steadiness, that magnificent line of over 
twelve thousand men moved up the slope of 
Cemeter}^ Eidge. A hundred guns tore great 
gaps in their front. Infantry volleys smote 
their ranks. The line was broken, yet they 
pushed forward. They planted their battle 
flags on the breastworks. They ba3^oneted the 
cannoneers at their guns. But no human en- 
durance could stand the converging fire of the 
Federals. Whole companies rushed as pris- 
oners into the Union lines, while the rest sul- 
lenly withdrew. At the very moment when the 
last charge was being repulsed, Pemberton was 
negotiating for the surrender of Vicksburg to 
Grant. On the night of July 4th, Lee re- 
treated. 

The Federal loss in the three days' fight was 
twenty-three thousand: the Confederate loss, 
twenty-eight thousand. ^leade slowly followed 
Lee, who recrossed the Potomac and took posi- 
tion back of the Papidan. 



137 



The Effect. — This battle put an end to Lee's ef- 
forts to invade the North. It was the turning 
point of the war. From that time the Con- 
federacy waned. Lee's veterans Avho went 
down in the awful charge of Gettysburg could 
never be replaced. 

Grant's Campaign in the Mississippi Valley. — 
The Confederate line of defense in the West 
stretched along the northern boundary of Ten- 
nessee from the AUeghenies to the Mississippi 
and was commanded by General Albert Sidney 
Johnston. It was the plan of the North to 
break this line. A point of great importance 
was Cumberland Gap. To secure this, General 
George IT. Thomas attacked the Confederates 
at Mill Spring, January 19, 1862, and defeated 
them. The upper Cumbei'land was now lost to 
the South. To control the Cumberland and 
Tennessee Elvers, the Confederates had erected 
two forts, Fort Donelson on the Cumberland 
and Fort Henry on the Tennessee. Grant and 
Foote moved up the Tennessee and ([uickly 
captured Fort Henry (February 6, 1862). The 
garrison escaped to Fort Donelson, where 
Grant and Foote besieged them. Februarj^ 15, 
1862, General Buckner surrendered with fifteen 
thousand men. Grant's reply to Buckner, 
when he asked for the terms of capitulation 
earned for him the title of ''Unconditional 
Surrender Grant. ' ' 

The Confederate line was now moved southward 
and practically all Tennessee was opened to 



1H8 



the Federals. Johnston made an attack at 
Pittsburg Landing, a few miles from Shiloh, 
on Sunday, April 6th. The Union soldiers 
were driven back toward the river, losing three 
thousand prisoners. Johnston was killed, and 
Beauregard assumed command. On the fol- 
lowing day the battle was renewed. Buell's 
fresh troops now began to arrive, and late in 
the afternoon the Confederates fell back to 
Corinth. The loss of life was appalling, almost 
ten thousand men being killed and wounded on 
each side. On the same day of the battle of 
Shiloh, April 7th, the Union Fleet on the Mis- 
sissippi captured Island Number Ten. Fort 
Pillow fell June 5th, and the great river was 
opened as far south as Memphis. The Union 
Fleet at once attacked and completely defeated 
the Confederate ironclads here, and Memphis 
fell June 6th. With the fall of Memphis, the 
IMississippi was open to Vicksburg. 
Grant's left wing under Rosecrans was driven 
back at luka (September 19th), and at Corinth 
(October 3-4). In 1863, Grant continued 
his great task of opening the Mississippi. 
After several weeks of fruitless effort against 
Yicksburg upon the north, he marched down 
the west side of the river, while the gunboats, 
running the batteries, passed below the city 
and ferried the army across. The running of 
the batteries with transports was considered so 
hazardous that the officers would not order 
their crews to take the risk, but called for vol- 
unteers. So many privates offered that they 



139 



were compelled to draw lots. The gauntlet oi: 
batteries extended fourteen miles. The first 
gunboat crept silently down in the shadow of 
the trees which lined the bank. The Confeder- 
ates at Vicksburg, discovering the movement, 
kindled bonfires,' which lighted up the whole 
scene and made the other vessels a fair target 
for their gunners. 

Hastening forward, Grant defeated part of Gen- 
eral Pemberton's army at Port Gibson (May 
1st). Learning that General Joseph E. John- 
ston was coming to Pemberton's assistance, he 
rapidly pushed between them, and defeated 
Johnston at Jackson (May 14th). Then, turn- 
ing to the Avest, he drove Pemberton from his 
position at Champion Hills (May IGth) and 
at Big Black River (May 17th), and in twenty 
days after crossing the Mississippi shut up 
Pemberton's army within the works at Ticks- 
burg. Two desperate assaults upon these hav- 
ing failed, the Union troops threw up in- 
trenchments and began a siege. IMines and 
countermines were now dug. Not one of the 
c^arrison could show his head above the works 
without being picked off by the watchful riHe- 
men. A hat held above a porthole in two min- 
utes was pierced with fifteen balls. Shells 
reached all parts of the city, and the inhabi- 
tant burrowed in caves to escape the iron 
storm. The garrison, worn out by forty-seven 
days of toil in the trenches, surrendered on the 
4th of July. 



]40 



The Effect. — This campaign cost the Confederates 
the cities of Vicksburg and Jackson, thirty- 
seven thousand prisoners, ten thousand killed 
and wounded, and immense stores. 

Four days after the fall of Vicksburg. Port Hud- 
son, which had been besieged by General l>anks 
for many weeks, surrendered. The Mississippi 
was now open to the Gulf, and the Confederacy 
w^as cut in twain. One great object of the 
North was accomplished. 

9. (a) See Set 25, No. 7. 

(b) West Virginia, the thirty-fifth State, was ad- 
mitted to the Union June 19, 1863. This 
western part of the old State of Virginia 
(forty-eight counties) refused to secede 
when Virginia seceded. They formed a 
constitution and asked for admittance into 
the Union as the State of Kanawha. A 
State made out of part of another State 
cannot be admitted into the Ihiion with- 
out consent of that State be first obtained. 
But as Congress and the people of West 
Virginia considered that Virginia consisted 
of that part of the Old Dominion which 
remained loyal to the Union, the people 
practically asked their own consent. They 
were finally admitted in 1863 as the State 
of West A^irginia. 

Set 29. 

1. See Set 5, No. 3. 

2. (a) South Carolina. 



141 

(b) Immediate cause: — Lincoln's presidential 
election. 

3. See Set 6, No. 6. 

4. Article XIII. Section 1. — Neither slavery nor in- 

voluntary servitude, except as a punishment 
for crime, whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- 
tion. 

Section 2. — Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 

Article XIV, Section 1. — All persons born or 
naturalized in the United States, and subject 
to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United States and of the State wherein they 
reside. No State shall make or enforce any 
law which shall abridge the privileges or im- 
munities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its juris- 
diction the e(iual protection of the laws. 

Section 2. — Eepresentatives shall be apportioned 
among the several States according to their re- 
spective numbers, counting the whole number 
of persons in each State, excluding Indians not 
taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- 
tion for the choice of electors for President 
and Vice-President of the United States, rep- 
resentatives in Congress, the executive or judi- 
cial officers of a State, or the members of the 
Legislative thereof, is denied to any of the male 



142 



inhabitants of sucli State, being twenty-one 
years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
or in any way abridged, except for participa- 
tion in rebellion or other crime, the basis of 
representation therein shall be reduced in the 
proportion which the number of such male 
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male 
citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Section 3. — Xo person shall be a senator or rep- 
resentative in Congress, or elector of President 
or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under 
any State, who having previousl}^ taken an oath 
as a member of Congress, or as an officer of 
the United States, or as a member of any State 
Legislature, or as an executive or judicial offi- 
cer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in in- 
surrection or rebellion against the same, or 
given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. 
But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of 
each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. — The validity of the public debt of the 
United States, authorized by law, including 
debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrec- 
tion or rebellion, shall not be (juestioned. But 
neither the United States nor any State shall 
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
Taiited States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 



143 



obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 

void. 
Section 5. — Congress shall have power to enforce, 

by appropriate legislation, the provisions of 

this article. 
Article XV. Section 1. — The rights of citizens of 

the United States to vote shall not be denied 

or abridged by the United States, or by any 

State, an account of race, color, or previous 

condition of servitude. 
Section 2. — Congress shall have power to enforce 

this article by appropriate legislation. 
Any of these may be given as answers. 

5. See Set 5, Xo. 2. 

6. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 

7. The Senators are chosen by the people of each 

State, for a term of six years. 
Representatives are chosen by the people of each 
State for a term of two years. 

8. See Map No. 2. 

9. See Set 13, No. 4. 
10. See Set 12, No. 7. 

Set 30. 

1. The English claim (^"irginia) stretched on the 
Atlantic from Florida to Labrador and ex- 
tended westward to the Pacific. They had no 
conception of the location of the Pacific. 
It was based upon the discoveries of the Cabots. 
This entire territory came into their possession 
at the close of the French and Indian War by 
the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. Some of the pro- 
visions of the Treatv were : — 



144 



France surrendered to England. Canada, except 
three small islands near NeAvfoundland, and 
her possessions east of the ]\Iississippi River ex- 
cept New Orleans. 

France ceded to Spain her possessions west of 
the Mississippi River and New Orleans. 

Spain ceded Florida to England in return for 
Havana. 

By Purchase. 
. (a) Gadsden Purchase, 1853. 

(b) Alaska Purchase, 1867. 

(c) Panama Canal Zone, 1904. 

The Gadsden Purchase was ceded by Mexico for 
$10,000,000. Owing to errors in the maps used 
when the Treaty of 1848 was made with Mexico^ 
a dispute arose as to the proper boundaries 
between New Mexico and the Mexican province 
of Chihuahua. The United States Government 
purchased the disputed territory. 

Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,200,00. 
The reasons for this purchase were mainly com- 
mercial, of which the fisheries were the prin- 
cipal. 

The Panama Canal Zone, four hundred and 
thirty-six square miles, was obtained by treaty 
with Panama, February 26, 1904, and pay- 
ment of $10,000,000, with an annuity of 
$250,000, from 1903 on. 

By Annexation. 

(a) Texas, 1845. 

(b) Oregon Territory, 1846. 

(c) Hawaiian Islands, 1898. 



145 



After Texas revolted from Mexico and declared 
her independence, she desired to be admitted 
to the Union. She was annexed to the United 
States and became a State December 29, 1845, 
Avith the provision that with her consent four 
other States might be formed from her ter- 
ritory. Texas Avas the last slave State admitted 
to the Union. 

In 1846 the boundary of Oregon was adjusted. 
By a compromise betAveen the United States 
and Great Britain, the forty-ninth parallel Avas 
taken as the northern boundary of Oregon, and 
Oregon made a territory Avith the prohibition 
of slavery. 

The reasons for the annexation of the Hawaiian 
Islands Avere political, and Avere justified on 
naval grounds. They are A^aluable as a coaling 
station, and for the sugar plantations. See 
Set 25, Xo. 11. 

By Conquest. 

(a) Mexican Cession, 1848. 

(b) Porto Rico, 1898. 

(c) Philippines and Guam, 1898. 

The United States also possesses about fifty minor 

islands, mostly uninhabited. 
Mexican Cession. — By the Treaty of Peace after 

the Mexican AVar in 1848, ]\Iexico ceded Ncav 

Mexico and California to the United States. 

In return Ave paid Mexico $15,000,000, and 

assumed the claims of our citizens against 

Mexico, amounting to $3,250,000. 
The acquisitions after the Spanish-American War 

Avere the Philippines, Porto Rico and Guam. 



146 



The treaty of Paris which transferred these 
possessions was signed December 10, 1898. 

The Compromise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill, 
made the following- provisions : — 

(a) The admission of California as a free 

State. 

(b) Territorial governments for New Mexico 

and Utah without reference to slavery. 

(c) The payment to Texas of $10,000,000 for 

her claims to part of New Mexico. 

(d) The prohibition of the slave trade, but 

not of slavery, in the District of 
Columbia. 

(e) A stringent fugitive slave law. 

The Slavery Question gave rise to bitter sectional 
controversies. When California applied for 
admission as a free State, an angry debate 
arose in Congress, Avhich for a time threatened 
the disruption of the Union. Henry Clay, the 
^' Great Pacificator," came forward at this 
crisis, and, with his wonderful eloquence, urged 
the necessity of mutual compromise and for- 
bearance. Daniel Webster warmly seconded 
this effort at conciliation. The ''Omnibus 
Bill," Clay's measure, was thereupon adopted 
as the best solution of the problem. 

The admission of California was of permanent 
value to the country. 

The Peninsula?' Campaign, the Viclshurg Cam- 
paign, and Sheridan's Campaign in the Shen- 
andoah Vallev. 



147 

The Peninsular Campaign. 

Purpose. — The capture of Richmond. 

Movements. — (a) The troops started for Fortress 
Monroe, April 1, 1862. 

(b) The evacuation of Yorktown, 

May 3d. 

(c) The battle of Williamsburg, 

May 5th. 

(d) The battle of Hanover Court 

House, May 27th. 

(e) The battle of Fair Oaks, May 

31st and June 1st. 

(f) Jackson's raid in the Shenan- 

doah Valley 

(g) Stuart's raid around McClel- 

lan's army. 
(h) The Seven Days' Battles, June 
26th to July 1st. 

1. The battle of Mechanicsville. 

2. The battle of Gaines' Farm. 

3. The battle of Savage Station. 

4. The battle of Frazier's 

Farm. 

5. The battle of Malvern Hill. 
(i) McClellan retreated to Harri- 
son's Landing. 

Result. — The result was a triumph for the Con- 
federates. The discouragement in the North 
was as great as after the battle of Bull Run. 



148 

The A^icksburg Campaign. 
Furpost. — The opening of the Mississippi. 

Movements. — In 1862, the war in Kentucky and 
in Tennessee. 

(a) The engagement at Logan's Cross Roads, 

or Mill Springs. 

(b) The evacuation of Fort Henry. 

(c) The battle at Fort Donelson, February 

14th to 16th. 

(d) The evacuation of Bowling Green. 

(e) Nashville was occupied by Buell. 

(f ) The battle of Shiloh, April 6th and 7th. 

(g) The Union army was before Corinth, 

May 30th. 

(h) The evacuation of Columbus. 

(i) The surrender of Island Number Ten, 
April 7th. 

(j) The capture of New Orleans, April 25th. 

(k) The engagement at Fort Pillow, May 
10th. 

(1) The capture of Memphis, June 6th. 

(m) The battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, De- 
cember 28th. 
1863. The seige of Yicksburg. 

(a) The attack on the North. 

(b) The failure to open a canal. 

(c) The forces were moved below the city. 

(d) The engagements between Grant and 

Johnston. 

(e) The city was assaulted. May 22d. 

(f ) Pemberton surrendered, July 4th. 

(g) The surrender of Port Hudson, July 9th. 



149 



Results. — The Mississippi ^vas now open to the 
Gulf, and the Confederacy was cut in twain. 
One great object of the North was accom- 
plished. 

StiERiDAx ^s Campaign. 

Purpose. — To prevent further raids upon Wash- 
ington. 
Movements. — (a) Sigel and Hunter were driven 
down the valley. 

(b) Washington was threatened. 

(c) Early was driven up the valley 

by Sheridan. 

(d) The battle of Cedar Creek, Oc- 

tober 19th. 

(e) The Unionists devastated the 

valley. 

Results. — This campaign of only a month was one 
of the most brilliant of the Avar. Sheridan lost 
seventeen thousand men, but he virtually de- 
stro.yed Early's army and there was no fur- 
ther attempt to threaten Washington. 

If another campaign favorable to the North is 
desired, mention Sherman's Campaign. 

Literary Productions. 

Until the year 1820, no stories were at hand except 
those imported from England. But in 1820, 
the second writer who was to show the world 
that we were to have a literature of our own, 
published his first novel. He was James Feni- 
more Cooper. In the first half of this century 
there have appeared in American literature the 



150 



names of men, such as AVashington Irving, who 
is styled the * ' Father of American Literature, ' ' 
our two geniuses, Poe, the poet, and Haw- 
thorne, the famous novelist. The poem ' ' Than- 
atopsis" marks the beginning of America's 
true poetry. It Avas written in 1817 by Bryant, 
our first great poet. Longfellow was our best- 
known poet. There were many other minor 
writers before 1850, but their works seem to 
have died with them. 

There was not much lasting literature produced 
during the war, but some songs of that period 
are still living. The publication of "Uncle 
Tom's Cabin," in 1851, exerted a most power- 
ful political influence. 

The latter j)art of the nineteenth century is a 
prose age rather than a poetical one, no one 
having risen to take the place of Whittier or 
Longfellow. Very noticeable is it that this is 
the magazine era, for our magazines excel those 
of any other country. They discover the most 
able new writers, and in their pages appear 
the works of the best living authors. Much of 
our literary culture and taste is due to the 
high quality of the matter published in the 
magazines. 

Within the last twenty-five years of this period 
nothing was heard from the far West until 
Harte and Miller appeared. Readers and 
writers of novels have increased more than any 
other class of readers and writers. This quar- 
ter of the nineteenth century has been called 



151 

the "children's age." Men like Father Finn, 
Morris Egan, Hawthorne, Lanier, Mark Twain 
and women like Helen Jackson, Anna Dorsey, 
Amy Taggart and Mrs. Burnett, have turned 
aside to write for the young folks. 

For information, entertainment, and amusements 
we need go no farther than our own American 
literature. In its hundred years it has grown 
to vast proportions. 

Social. — After Independence, social changes went 
on rapidh^ The title "Master" came to be 
confined to holders of slaves, while ''Mr.," once 
a sure sign of rank, was applied to every male 
in the land, and to omit it, when speaking of 
great men, became a mark of distinction. So 
rapidly did the new ideas spread, that when 
Lafayette visited America in 1824, he asked 
Avith astonishment, "Where are the common 
people ? " He saw only crowds of well-dressed 
citizens, but no yeomen, mechanics, merchants, 
and servants, the four ranks below that of 
gentlemen that were to be distinctly observed 
when he first saw the country, in Revolutionary 
times. 

Imprisonment for debt was common for many 
years after the Revolution as well as before it. 
The poor man just recovering from a long 
sickness was liable to be arrested for the non- 
payment of the little bills incurred during his 
illness, and thrust into prison among the vilest 
offenders. As late as 1830, it is estimated, 
there were more than fifty thousand people im- 



152 



prisoned for debt in the United States, many 
of tliem for sums as small as one dollar. But 
about that time the various States began, one 
by one, to make laws abolishing' the imprison- 
ment of debtors. Improvements were also 
gradually made in the condition of prisons 
and in the care of the insane. The laborer of 
post-Revolutionary days, though he had se- 
cured social and political privileges, could 
obtain far fewer comforts than he can today. 
The growth of manufactures in the period 
1825-1860 caused many improvements in the 
condition of laborers. 

In the latter half of this century, every man, 
woman and child in our country has an equal 
privilege before the law. Everyone is free to 
do w^hatever he likes, but with due respect to 
the rights of others. Neither laws nor customs 
deny to the ignorant child or man, the chance 
to do the best that is in him : nor do they tie 
the hands of the ciuick and able. There is a 
most wonderful spirit of orderly union. Ameri- 
cans have the freedom to form societies for any 
legal purpose. 

The American principle now is that a man is free 
to make his own contracts with his employer, 
except that laws may wisely limit-4he hours of 
labor, regulate child labor, and compel the em- 
ployer to look out for the safety of his 
workmen. 

America has set for the world an example of 
toleration of both religious and political opin- 



153 



ions. A man may speak his mind on any pub- 
lic question ; he may call his neighbors together 
in a public meeting; he may publish his doc- 
trines in a ne\Yspaper ; he is not subject to 
I)unishment for any opinion, unless he urges 
his friends to break the laws. The United 
States has enjoyed the same freedom in re- 
ligion; for the first time in the history of the 
world men have been free to preach and prac- 
tice any form of religion which does not in- 
terfere with the morals or welfare of the com- 
munity. 
Americans have also had the freest opportunity 
of education. The community provided public 
schools where all children might be educated 
at the expense of the State ; though if any one 
preferred to pay for a private tutor or private 
school, secular or denominational, he might do 
so. Thus every child has had a chance to 
make the most of himself; and the State has 
found the advantage of bringing up people 
wiio know something, who can express their 
ideas, and who can reason. No other country 
in the world has made such a provision of en- 
dowed and public high schools, colleges, uni- 
versities, and professional schools of science, 
law. medicine, and other subjects. No other 
country has had so many libraries or such 
widespread habits of reading. Most of these 
advantages can be enjoyed by women on the 
same terms as men, and the T'nited States is 
the country which has em]doyed the largest 
number of women teachers. 



154 

Industrial. — During the Revolution, while our 
commerce was destro3"ed and our agricultural 
interests greatly injured, some manufactures 
received an impetus from the fact that the 
war stopped nearly all imports. The people 
were forced to make for themselves many 
things which had previously been obtained 
from abroad. 

After peace was made, however, great quantities 
of manufactured goods were shipped in from 
abroad, crowding the markets here, lowering^ 
the prices, and discouraging our manufactur- 
ers. But with continued peace, and especially 
after the adoption of our Constitution, all our 
industries revived. The period from about 
1820 to 1860 Avas marked by a marvelous ad- 
vance in all branches of industry. This was 
due largely to the invention of labor-saving 
machines and to the growth of population. 

Among the American inventions of this period 
besides the steamboat and the telegraph, were 
the sewing machine, mower, reaper, horse rake, 
steam fire engine, and the vulcanizing of rub- 
ber. The vast extent of cheap and fertile land 
in this country, together with the better wages 
paid here for labor, led thousands of emi- 
grants from Europe to come to this country 
every year. 

In the South the greatest change was the increase 
in the grow^th of cotton, until this became the 
staple product of the section, and our most 
valuable export. The middle West became a 



J 55 



highly prosperous agricultural region. The 
increasing demand for lumber during this 
period caused a steady growth in the industry 
of lumbering. From very small beginniugs the 
mining industry grew to great proportions. 
During the first half of the century gold was 
sparingly mined in the foothills of the southern 
Appalachians, but these mines were entirely 
eclipsed by the far richer ones of California, 
which led to the rapid settlement and admis- 
sion of that State. Soon after this the silver 
mines of Nevada attracted much attention. 

The manufactures of the country in the year 
1860 amounted to nearly $2,000,000,000 worth 
— ten times the value of the output in 1810. 
The great feature in the development of manu- 
facturing was the introduction of the factory 
system ; that is, the plan of making articles by 
the help of machines in factories instead of at 
the homes of the workmen. As the machine- 
made factory products became cheaper and 
cheaper, the household manufactures were 
abandoned. The new system stimulated the 
growth of cities ; in 1790 there were very few 
towns, and nearly all the people lived in the 
country, but in 1860 there were one hundred 
and forty cities and large towns, in which lived 
one-sixth of our total population. 

During the Civil War, a vast amount of property 
was destroyed, and the supreme energies of the 
nation Avere for four years directed in military 
channels. Hence there was a great disturb- 



15(5 



ance, a great cheek in many kinds of industry. 
But Avithin a short time after the war the 
country regained its former prosperity, and 
it then continued to progress so rapidly that 
by the end of the century it stood first among 
the countries of the world in wealth and in the 
amomit and value of its industrial products. 
Between 1860 and 1900 the population of the 
country more than doubled. The number of 
immigrants who came each year varied from 
less than one hundred thousand to nearly eight 
hundred thousand. Cities grew in population 
much more rapidly than country districts; in 
1900 a third of all the people lived in cities or 
large towns. Also, the j^roductive capacity of 
nearly every workingman was increased by 
many inventions of labor-saving machines and 
new, economical methods of work. 

Among the notable American inventions made or 
perfected since 1860 are vestibule and sleep- 
ing cars, automatic car couplers, the type- 
writer, typesetting machines, the telephone, 
and electric lights. Near the end of the cen- 
tury, machines were introduced even for re- 
cording votes in elections, a method that is 
quicker and more accurate than voting by 
ballot. 

This period of our industrial history is charac- 
terized by the multiplication and growth of 
large corporations. IMany kinds of manufac- 
tures have come under the control of the trusts, 
each with a capital stock of millions of dollars. 



157 



Since ISGU many new agricultural implements 
anci machines have been invented : the rotation 
of crops and the use of fertilizers have been 
reduced to an exact science; and the culti- 
vated area has been more than doubled. This 
period is also marked by the great develop- 
ment of truck farming; by the production of 
great quantities of vegetables and fruits pre- 
served in canning factories; and by the be- 
ginnings of beet cultivation on a large scale 
for the supply of sugar factories. During this 
period the making of cheese, and later of but- 
ter, which was for a long time solely a house- 
hold manufacture, has in a large part become 
the work of factories ; the * ' condensing ' ' of 
milk has become an important industry; and 
there has been developed an elaborate system 
for carrying fresh milk into large cities every 
day by railroads. 

In this period the main regions of iron mining 
came to be the southern and western shores of 
Lake Superior and the southern Appalachian 
Mountains. The sinking of wells for petro- 
leum, begun just before the Civil War, grew 
rapidly to a vast industry in western Pennsyl- 
vania and the neighboring States, and about 
the end of the century in California and Texas 
also. Our manufactures steadily increased, so 
that in 1900 they amounted to .$13,000,000,000, 
about seven times the output of 1860. Not only 
did they meet a larger share of the increasing 
home demand, but the amount of manufactures 



J 58 

exported grew year by year until it formed 
nearly a third of the total exports. Many new 
articles were manufactured, and great improve- 
ments in methods and processes w^ere made in 
every branch of manufacture, improvements 
which in many eases lowered the price to the 
consumer besides increasing the manufacturer's 
profits and the laborers' wages. 
6. The three departments of government are : Legis- 
lative, Executive, and Judicial. 

The Legislative department is that branch of the 
government which has the power to make laws. 
The Executive department enforces the laws. 
The Judicial department interprets the laws. 

The necessity of government is easily seen. Men 
do not live alone, but in communities. If there 
were no government, every one would do as 
he pleased and no one would be secure in his 
rights and possessions. Government is the or- 
ganized means employed by a State or Nation 
to preserve its own existence and to protect 
the rights of its people. It must make laws, 
hence the need of the Legislative. There must 
be a department to see that these laws are car- 
ried into effect, hence the need of the Execu- 
tive. There must be a body of men who see 
that the laws are interpreted, hence the need 
of the Judicial. 

Set 31. 

1. See Map No. 1. 

2. (a) Virgima: — 

Character. — The settlers were idle, dissolute 
and lazy. Among them were gentlemen 



139 

and pardoned criminals who came seeking 
gold. They were wholly unsnited for the 
foundation of the settlement, and refused 
to work. The colony grew very slowly. 

Purpose of settlement. — Financial profit. 

Pennsylvania : — 

Character.— The Quakers were peaceful peo- 
ple who sought to establish peace, and free- 
dom of conscience. 

Purpose of settlement.— Freedom of worship, 
(b) yirginia.—The second oldest college in the 
colonies — William and Mary 's — was 
founded in 1692, at Jamestown. Educa- 
tion at first received but little attention, 
and the English governors bitterly opposed 
the progress of education. 

Pennsijlvania.— The first school in Pennsyl- 
vania was started the year Philadelphia 
was founded, 1683. 
3. (a) The United States P>ank was founded in 1791, 
in Philadelphia, during Washington's ad- 
ministration. 

(b) The government established a national bank 

bank to act as a financial agent of the 
government. 

(c) Jackson believed the United States Bank to 

be unsafe and badly managed, and resolved 
to overthrow it. When the friends of the 
bank introduced and passed a bill (1832) 
to renew the charter for another twenty 
years, from 1836, Jackson promptly vetoed 
it. The following vear the Secretary of 



160 



the Treasury was ordered to remove the 
governiuent deposits from the bank and 
to distribute them among the State banks; 
thus the Bank of the United States ceased 
to be a governmental bank. 
(d) The Subtreasury plan provided for the estab- 
lishment of the Independent Treasury of 
the United States, in the Treasury Build- 
ing in Washington, with branches at the 
mints of Philadeli)liia and New Orleans. 
Subtreasuries were to 1)e provided for at 
Boston, New York. Charleston, St. Louis, 
Chicago, Cincinnati, and Baltimore. This 
did not meet with favor until 1840, when 
it became a law. Although it was repealed 
in the following year, it was again enacted 
in 1846, and has since been an important 
part of the government's financial system. 

4. (a) The Erie Canal opened up intercourse be- 

tween the agricultural sections of the far 
West, giving a market for the produce 
raised. This built up the shipping ports 
along the Great Lakes, reduced the price 
of transportation, and made New York 
City the first city in the country. It led 
also to the building of railroads in other 
sections of the United States, 
(b) The reaping machine greatly reduced the 
price of bread, and rendered profitable 
cultivation of the western wheat fields. 

5. The adoption of the Declaration of Independence 

had launched the colonies into a war with Eng- 



161 



land. To wage this war successfully, it was 
necessary that the colonies should act in har- 
mony. To the second Continental Congress had 
been delegated the work of carrying on the war 
and looking after the interests of the new Na- 
tion; but its power was so restricted that it 
could not force obedience to its orders. The 
thirteen colonies, instead of being united, 
seemed to drift further apart, and a stronger 
and firmer government was needed. On the 
same day that the committee was appointed to 
draft the Declaration of Independence, a reso- 
lution w^as passed b}^ Congress which called for 
the appointment of a committee to draft the 
Articles of Confederation. This committee 
made its reports to Congress, which finally, on 
November 17, 1777, passed a series of thirteen 
Articles. The Constitution and the new gov- 
ernment were termed ''The Articles of Con- 
federation and Perpetual Union between all the 
States of America.'' These articles could not 
become the supreme law of the land till all the 
States had ratified them; thus they became 
operative only in 1781. The United States was 
governed by them from 1781 to 1789, and 
though time proved that they were very defec- 
tive, they had done much good by holding the 
Union together in its infancy. 
6. See Set 19, No. 8. 

Set 32. 

1. The Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. They 
landed at "Watling Island, one of the Bahamas, 
on October 12, 1492. 



162 



Americus Vespucius was sent by the King of 
Portugal to explore the new land discovered 
by Cabral. He explored the coast of South 
America as far southward as the mouth of 
the La Plata. After his second voyage he pub- 
lished an account of what he had seen in the 
New World. This description fell into the 
hands of a German, Martin Waldseemueller, 
a teacher of geography in a little college at 
St. Die, France. In 1507, the paper of Ves- 
pucius was printed on the college press and 
contained the suggestion that the new-found 
land should be named America in honor of 
Americus Vespucius, as Waldseemueller sup- 
posed had discovered it. The name was placed 
on the maps of that time; at first only on 
Brazil, later, on South America, and still later, 
was given to the whole Western hemisphere. 
Thus Columbus was deprived of the great 
honor of having his name given to the new 
w^orld he had discovered. 

2. (a) The English claimed America as a result of 
the discoveries of the Cabots. Though the 
English claimed the northern part of the 
continent by right of the discovery of the 
Cabots, yet for two generations they paid 
little attention to it. In Queen Elizabeth's 
time, however, maritime enterprise was 
awakened, and English sailors cruised on 
every sea. Gilbert, Raleigh and Gosnold 
attempted to make settlements, but failed. 



3G3 

The first permanent settlement made was 
at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 
(b) See Set 9, No. 2 (a). 

3. (a) In 1643 tlie First Intercolonial Union was 

formed in America. The confederation 
was called "The United Colonies of New 
England." It included Massachusetts 
Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Con- 
necticut Colonies. It was formed for mu- 
tual defense and protection against the In- 
dians and Dutch who claimed the Connec- 
ticut Yalley and so threatened the English 
Colonies, 
(b) By the war with Mexico the United States 
gained a vast territory, including the pres- 
ent States of California, Nevada, Utah, 
Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Wy- 
oming and Colorado. California soon be- 
came the treasure house of the world for 
gold, and other sections of it have yielded 
large sums in silver. 

4. The American Revolution was begun because of 

the repeated attempt of the British Parliament 
to levy taxes on the Colonists without their 
consent. See Set 25, No. 2. 

5. American Victories. — The Surrender of Burgoyne 

at Saratoga, on October 17, 1777. The Sur- 
render of Cornwallis at Yorktown, October 19, 
1781. 
British Victories. — The Taking of Savannah, Oc- 
tober, 1779. The Battle of Long Island, 
August 27, 1776. 

6. See Set 20, No. 2, Philadelphia. 



164 

7. Northern Viciories. — Rich Moiiutain, Ya., July 

11, 1861; Fort Henry, Tenn., February 6, 
1862; Fort Douelson, Tenn., February 16, 
1862 ; Pea Ridge, Mo., March 6, 1S62 ; Merri- 
mac and IMonitor, Ya., March 9, 1862; New 
Orleans, La., April 28, 1862; Murf reesboro ', 
Temi., December 31, 1862; Yicksburg, Miss., 
July 4, 1863; Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3, 
1863 ; Alabama and Kearsarge, naval battle, 
June 15, 1861; Lost Mountain, Ga., Septem- 
ber 2, 1861; second battle Cedar Creek, Ya., 
October 19, 1864; Nashville, Tenn., December 
15-16, 1864; Petersburg and Richmond, Ya., 
April 2, 1865. 

Southern Victories. — Bull Run, Ya., July 21, 
1861; Cedar Mountain, Ya., August 9, 1862; 
Second Bull Run, A^a., August 29, 1862; Har- 
per's Ferry, Ya., September 15, 1862; Fred- 
ericksburg Ya., December 13, 1862; Chancel- 
lorsville, Ya., May 2-3, 1863; Chickamauga, 
Ga., September 19-20, 1863 ; Cold Harbor, Ya., 
June 3, 1864. 

Indecisive. — Shiloh, Tenn., April 5, 1862 ; Fair 
Oaks, Ya., May 31, 1862; Savage Station, Ya., 
June 29, 1862; Frazier's Farm, Ya., June 30, 
1862; Antietam. Md., September 17, 1862; 
Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862; Wilderness, 
Ya., May 5-6, 1864; Spottsylvania, Ya., IMay 
8-12, 1864. 

8. During the earlier part of the regular year for 

the election of a President, at a time when it 
is convenient to nominate State officers, usually 
in August or September, each of the political 



]6o 

parties meets in the several States in State con- 
ventions and nominates or appoints the Elec- 
tors for the President and Vice-President. 
9. These electors are elected on the Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November in the year of 
the Presidential election, which occurs once in 
every fourth even year. 
10. See Set 20, No. 7. 

Set 33. 

2. See Set 12, No. 1. 

2. The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands were annexed 

to the United States on July 7, 1898. 
By the treaty of peace (December 10, 1898), after 
the Spanish- American AYar, Porto Rico, Guam, 
and the Philippine Islands were added to the 
United States (1899). 

3. See Set 24, No. 8. 

4. Bishops of Philadelphia Diocese. 
Rt. Rev. Michael Egan, D. D., 0. S. F. 
Rt. Rev. Henry Conwell. 

Rt. Rev. Francis P. Kendrick, D. D. 

Yen. John Nepomucene Neumann, D. D., C. SS. R. 

Rt. Rev. James F. Wood, D. D. 

Rt. Rev. Edmund F. Prendergast, D. D. 

Rt. Rev. John J. McCort. 

Archbishops of Philadelphia Diocese. 

Most Rev. James F. Wood, D. D. 

Most Rev. Patrick J. Ryan, D. D., LL. D. 

Most Rev. Edmund F. Prendergast, D. D. 

The diocese was established in 1808. The arch- 
diocese, February 12. 1875. 

5. See Map No. 7. 



]e,6 

Set 34. 

1. In 1614, four Kecollects, a branch of the Fran- 
ciscans, arrived in New France to assist Cham- 
plain in his noble efforts to civilize the savage 
tribes. They were the first priests to settle in 
Canada. They established missions along the 
St. Lawrence River, and preached to the 
Algonquins and Hurons in the language of 
those tribes. In 1625 they invited the Jesuits 
to share with them the glorious work of teach- 
ing. The Jesuits accepted the invitation and 
were soon carrying the Gospel far and wide in 
the wilderness and along the lakes and rivers. 
They penetrated the Indian towns, lived with the 
savages, bore unparalleled hardships, minis- 
tered to the wretched, instilled the teachings 
of Christianity into the minds of any who 
would give them a hearing, and thought no 
danger or sacrifice great enough to deter them 
from carrying on their work. The Indian 
world was their parish. Wherever they went, 
they made keen observations of all they saw, 
and reported all to their superior in France 
in a remarkable series of letters called the 
Jesuit Relations. They carefully mapped the 
scenes of their labors ; they journeyed all 
over the valleys of the St. Lawrence and 
Mississippi; they discovered all the important 
lakes and tributary streams of the great valley. 
Although the fathers served so faithfully, most 
of them met violent deaths at the hands of 
the savages whom they had come to help. 



167 

In 1629, the English captured Quebec, and the 
Recollects and Jesuits were transported to 
England. The Jesuits resumed missionary 
labors in Canada in 1632. When Montreal was 
founded in 1644, the Sulpicians established 
themselves and soon founded schools and semi- 
naries in and near Montreal, but the Jesuits 
had practically entire charge of the great tracts 
of land to the north and west. Under the zeal- 
ous Fathers Breboeuf, Lallemand, and Daniel, 
all three destined to suffer martyrdom under 
the most horrible tortures, the Hurons were 
visited and missions established along the Great 
Lakes. 

In 1667, Father Claude Allouez (Al-lway'), su- 
perior of the western missions, carried the 
Gospel through the present State of Wisconsin 
and the upper part of Michigan. He estab- 
lished a mission at Green Bay and built up 
that of Sault Ste. Marie. In every direction 
the tireless, faithful Jesuit penetrated the 
forest, preaching the Gospel, instructing the 
children, and teaching the Indians the ways of 
civilization. In 1633, the Capuchin Fathers, 
aided by Cardinal Richelieu of France, estab- 
lished missions and schools for the Indians 
along the coast from the mouth of the St. 
Lawrence to the Kennebec. 
2. Massacliusetts. — To obtain greater religious and 
civil freedom. 

Maryland. — To give place of refuge to persecuted 
Catholics. 

Rhode Island. — Religious freedom and liberty. 



]G8 

Pennsylvania. — To establish a place of refuge for 

the Quakers. 
Georgia. — The establishment of a home for poor 

debtors of England. 

3. The second Avar with England is the War of 1812. 
Results.— (a) The Treaty of Ghent. 

1. Conquests were restored. 

2. England and America agreed 

upon a combined effort to 
suppress the importation of 
slaves from Africa. 

(b) Evil. 

1. The national debt was in- 

creased to $127,000,000. 

2. Commerce was ruined, and 

there was depression in other 
business. 

(c) Good. 

1. Manufactories were built. 

2. The United States was ren- 

dered more self-reliant. 

3. The prestige of the United 

States was increased among 
the nations. 
4. England virtually yielded the 

Right of Search. 
5. The superiority of the Ameri- 
can navy was established. 

4. The Civil War began April 12, 1861. After the 

Confederates under General Beauregard had 
fired the first shot at Fort Sumter, South Caro- 
lina, at half -past four o'clock, Friday morn- 
ing, the fearful Civil War had begun. 



169 



April 9, 1865, Lee's surrender practically 
marks the close of the war, because Johnston's 
surrender soon followed and the great Civil 
War was at an end. 

(a) The Constitution of the United States was 

adopted September 17, 1787, by the Con- 
stitutional Convention which met at Phila- 
delphia. 

(b) The departments of government for which it 

provides are the Legislative, the Executive, 
and the Judicial. 

(c) After the Civil AVar the Constitution was 

amended by the passage of the Thirteenth, 
the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth Amend- 
ments. By the Thirteenth Amendment, 
the negro was made a freeman; by the 
Fourteenth, he was made a citizen, and by 
the Fifteenth, he was allowed to vote. 
The European nations which colonized the United 
States Avere the Spanish, the English, and the 
Dutch. 
The Spanish were the first to make settlements 
in the United States. They settled mainly the 
southern part ; the first permanent settlement 
was St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. 
The English settled the middle portion along the 
coast. The first permanent settlement w^as at 
Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Other colonies 
were planted in Massachusetts, New^ Hamp- 
shire, Connecticut, Maryland, Rhode Island, 
North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, 
and Pennsylvania before the close of the seven- 
teenth centurv. 



170 



The Dutch manifested, no interest in the New 
World until the beginning of the seventeenth 
century. They settled in New York, founding 
the first colony at Ncav Amsterdam, in 1623. 

7. The surface of New England is rugged and hilly. 

These states are traversed from northeast to 
southwest by mountains which extend from 
Canada nearly to Long Island Sound. They 
are a part of the Appalachian system. 

The coast line of these States, especially that of 
Maine, has a very jagged appearance, and a 
number of rocky islets fringe the shores, sure 
signs that there is no lack of good harbors, and 
deep water. 

Owing to mountainous regions, the waters of the 
rivers flow^ very rapidly, and are useful for 
running numerous machines for mills and fac- 
tories. 

8. In a coastwise voyage from ]\Iaine to Texas the 

following States are passed : Maine, New- 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 
necticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- 
sippi, Louisiana, Texas. 

9. The five largest cities of the United States (1914) 

are: New York City, New York; Chicago, 
Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; St. 
Louis, Missouri; Boston, Massachusetts. 

10. See Map No. 8. 



171 



Set 35. 

L. (a) The surface of the United States is divided 
into four sections: Coast, Plain, Appala- 
chian Highlands, Central Plain, and the 
Western Highlands. 
Coast Plain. — Atlantic and Gulf sections. 
Appalachian Highlands.— {sl) Eastern belt called 

^'Piedmont Belt." 

(b) Middle belt. 

(c) Allegheny plateau. 

Central Plain.— {ei) Prairie region. 

(b) Lake region. 

(c) Great Plains. 
Western Highlands.— (a) Rocky Mountains. 

(b) Great Basin. 

(c) Pacific Slope. 

(b) The greatest length of the United States is 

twenty-eight hundred miles, and its 
breadth is nearly seventeen hundred 
miles. 

(c) It has forty-eight States, two Territories 

(Alaska and Hawaii), and island possess- 
ions including the Philippines, Porto Rico, 
Guam, Wake Island, and Tutuila and 
Manua of the Samoan group. 

2. (a) The rivers on the United States boundary 
line are : 

1. The St. Lawrence River, outlet of the 
Great Lakes, between Canada and 
New York. 



172 



2. The Rio Grande in the southwestern 

part of the United States, between 
Texas and Mexico. 

3. The St. Croix River between Maine 

and New Brunswick. 

4. The St. John River between Maine 

and New Brunswick. 

5. The Niagara River between New York 

and the province of Ontario. 

6. The St. Clair River between Michigan 

and Ontario. 

7. The St. Mary River between INIichi- 

gan and Ontario. 

8. The Detroit River between Michigan 

and Ontario. 

9. The Pigeon River between Minnesota 

and Ontario. 
(b) The States bordering on the Great Lakes are : 
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, 
Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minne- 
sota. 

3. (a) Cotton, Texas; (b) sugar, Louisiana; (c) 

tobacco, Kentucky; (d) rice, Louisiana; 

(e) gold, Colorado; (f) silver, Colorado; 

(g) coal, Pennsylvania; (h) iron, Minne- 
sota; (i) copper, Montana; (j) zinc, 
Missouri. 

Bays. 

4. (a) 1. Penobscot Bay, south coast of Maine. 

2. Massachusetts Bay, east coast of Massachu- 

setts. 

3. Cape Cod Bay, southeast coast of Massa- 

chusetts. 



173 

4. Narragansett Bay, southeast coast of 

Ehode Island. 

5. New York Bay, southeast coast of New 

York. 

6. Delaware Bay, east coast of Delaware. 

7. Chesapeake Bay, south coast of Maryland. 

Capes. 

1. Cape Cod, eastern extremity of Massachu- 

setts. 

2. Cape May, southern extremity of New 

Jersey. 

3. Cape Charles, eastern extremity of Vir- 

ginia. 

4. Cape Henry, eastern extremity of Vir- 

ginia. 

5. Cape Hatteras, eastern extremity of North 

Carolina. 

6. Cape Fear, southeastern extremity of 

North Carolina. 

7. Cape Sable, southern extremity of Florida, 
(b) The Yellowstone Park in Wyoming is a tract 

of land larger than Connecticut, which 
tract the government has set aside as a 
national park. Objects of interest here 
are boiling springs, geysers, deep canyons, 
and waterfalls. The geysers throw up 
columns of water to a height of from fifty 
to two hundred feet, and the temperature, 
in some eases, reaches two hundred degrees 
Fahrenheit. 
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in 
Arizona is like a trough cut out of the 



174 

rocks by the river in its course. As one 
looks over the canyon, one sees nothing 
but towers, pinnacles, and many colored 
layers of rock. 

The Yosemite Valley, on the western slope of 
the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Cali- 
fornia, is drained by the Yosemite River, 
which is noted for the Yosemite Falls, re- 
markable for their beauty. 

The most celebrated cataract in the world is 
the Niagara Falls, in the Niagara River, 
between the State of New York and 
Canada. 

The Natural Bridge is a natural arch, span- 
ning a stream in Virginia. 

The Mammouth Cave, in Kentucky, is so 
called from its great size. 

The Pictured Rocks are on the southern shore 
of Lake Superior. These rocks are so 
called because they are of various bright 
colors, looking like a beautiful picture. 

The Palisades are huge perpendicular rocks 
on the right bank of the lower Hudson, in 
New York. They stand upright like pali- 
sades or stakes, whence their name. 

The Big Trees are huge evergreen trees in 

California and Oregon. 

5. Surface. — In general, the surface is hilly, the 

Berkshire Hills traversing the western part. 

CUmate. — The prevailing winds blow from the 

west. Every few days, however, the direction 

of the wind changes to the east or south, and 

the air then comes from the ocean, often bring- 



175 



ing rain. The winds that blow from the east 
and northeast are cool in summer and very 
chilly in winter, since they are cooled by the 
Labrador current. They often cause heavy 
snows in winter, and rain and fog in summer. 

Productions. — Woolen and cotton goods, hides, 
leather, rubber, boots and shoes, refined sugar, 
clothing, machinery and books. 

Industnes. — Manufacture and commerce are the 
leading industries. 

6. San Salvador, Holy Saviour, named by Columbus. 

Island of Trinidad, Holy Trinity. 
San Francisco, St. Francis. 
St. Louis, Mo. ; St. Joseph, Mo. ; Sacramento, 
Cal. ; St. Augustine, Fla. ; Los Angeles, Cal. 

7. Massachusetts. — Settled by Pilgrims from Hol- 

land, 1620 ; Puritans from England, 1628. 
Purpose. — They came to obtain greater religious 

and civil freedom. 
3fari/Za»cZ.— Settled by English Catholics under 

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), in 1634. 
Purpose. — To found an asylum for the persecuted 

Catholics of England. 
Pennsylvania.— ^eWl^^ by William Penn, an 

English Quaker, in 1681. 
Purpose. — To establish a commonwealth where the 

people might enjoy perfect freedom, at the 

same time rendering strict obedience to civil 

authority, 
(^eor^m.— Settled by James Oglethorpe, an 

Enorlish officer, in 1733. 



170 

Purpose. — To found a refuge for debtors im- 
prisoned under the. severe laws passed in 
England at that time. 

The Boston Massacre. — Boston being considered 
the hotbed of the rebellion, General Gage was 
sent thither with two regiments of troops. 
They entered on a Sunday morning and 
marched as through a conquered city, with 
drums beating and flags flying. Quarters hav- 
ing been refused, they took possession of the 
State House. Cannons were planted, sentries 
posted and citizens challenged. Frequent 
quarrels now took place between the people and 
the soldiers. On March 5, 1770, the city guard 
was insulted, and a fight ensued in which two 
citizens were wounded and three killed. 

The Boston Tea Party. — On December 16, 1773, 
the British government, alarmed by the turn 
events had taken, repealed the other taxes, but 
to maintain the principle, left that on tea, mak- 
ing an arrangement, so that including the tax, 
tea was cheaper in America than in England. 
This exasperated the patriots. At a crowded 
meeting held in Faneuil Hall, it was decided 
that the tea should never be brought ashore. 
A party of men disguised as Indians, boarded 
the vessels, and emptied three hundred and 
forty-two chests of tea into Boston Harbor. 

The Boston Port Bill. — This closed the port of 
Boston until the tea which had been destroyed 
by the colonists should be paid for by them. 
The custom house was thereupon removed to 



177 

Marbleliead, and the seat of government to 
Salem. 
9. Elias Howe, 1846, inventor of the sewing machine. 

Eli Whitneif, 1793, inventor of the cotton-gin. 

Samuel F. B. Morse, 1837, inventor of the electric 
telegraph. 

Robert Fulton, 1807, inventor of the steamboat 
and torpedo boat, and designer of steam ferry- 
boats. 

Cyrus W. Field, 1858, prime mover in laj^ng the 
Atlantic Telegraph Cable, but none was suc- 
cessfully laid until June, 1886. 

Alexander Graham Bell, 1877, built the first tele- 
phone line between Boston and Salem, a dis- 
tance of sixteen miles. 
10. In 1619, a Dutch ship landed the first African 
slaves in the English colonies of Xorth America 
at Jamestown, Virginia. Later investigations 
have proven almost conclusively that these so- 
called slaves, brought by the Dutch to Virginia 
were not slaves, technicalh^ speaking, but ser- 
vants reduced to terms of limited servitude, 
and further that a legalized status of Indian, 
white, and negro servants preceded slavery in 
almost all, if not all, of the English mainland 
colonies. 

By 1700 slavery had become an economic institu- 
tion in the colonial life. The difference in 
the industries of different States made it more 
desirable in some States than in others, and 
very early the natural boundary lines of the 
slave territory began to develop. Georgia and 
South Carolina especially were clamoring for 



178 



slave labor to work on the tobacco, cotton and 
rice plantations. In the North it was found 
to be an unsatisfactory system, and there was 
early developed a sentiment against slave labor, 
a negro population, and the institution in gene- 
ral. This was due partly to the economical dis- 
advantages of slave labor on the Northern 
States, partly to moral feelings on the subject 
stimulated by the activities going on in 
England to abolish the traffic. 

An ordinance passed by Congress prohibited 
slavery in the Northwest Territory and pre- 
pared the way for new free States. This ordi- 
nance provided for the organization of the 
Northwest Territory, and strange as it may 
seem, both North and South were united in 
this prohibitory act, while they disagreed in 
the Constitutional Convention on the subject 
of slavery. 

Pennsylvania formed a society for the ameliora- 
tion of the conditions of slaves, with Franklin 
as president. Other States followed the ex- 
ample of Pennsylvania, and the movement was 
begun which accomplished the suppression of 
the slave trade after 1808. 

In 1793, the cotton-gin was invented by Whitney. 
This stimulated greatly the production of cot- 
ton and the demand for slave labor. 

A Fugitive Slave Law was passed by Congress to 
secure the owners of slaves in their property. 
This law gave the owner or supposed owner 
of an alleged fugitive slave the right to take 
him before a Federal judge, and, upon satis- 



179 

fyiiig the magistrate of his ownership, to secure 
a warrant for removing the slave to the State 
of the ow^ner's home. 

In 1804, New Jersey, the last of the Northern 
States to abolish slavery, passed an act for 
general abolition. This marked the end of 
slavery in the Northern States. 

In 1807, the slave trade was abolished by act of 
Congress. No more slaves were to be im- 
ported into the United States after January 1, 
1808. This year, 1807, marked the end of the 
period of twenty years set in the Constitution 
for the continuation of the slave trade. This 
prompt legislation showed the state of public 
opinion on the subject. 

Previously, during the period from 1802 to 1817, 
four States, two free and two slave, had been 
admitted — Ohio and Indiana against Louisiana 
and Mississippi. Thus was established the 
theory of the balance of poiver. With the ap- 
plication of Missouri for admission to the 
Union the question approached a crisis, but 
was adjusted temporarily by the Missouri Com- 
promise. This was passed in 1820 and pro- 
hibited slavery north of the parallel 36° 30' 
with the exception of Missouri, which was 
admitted as a slave State. Maine was admitted 
as a free State to balance the admission of 
Missouri. After this political anti-slavery 
sentiment became more prominent and the dis^ 
satisfaction in the North with the Missouri 
Compromise laid the foundation of aboli- 
tionism. 



180 



The slavery aspect of the annexation of Texas 
caused the Senate to give the bill much atten- 
tion. Both the North and South realized the 
importance of the addition of so vast an area 
to the slavery section. The bill was publicly 
eulogized by General James Hamilton, of 
South Carolina, as calculated 'Ho give a Gib- 
raltar to the South," and on that ground the 
measure had the ardent support of the South. 
Several Northern members addressed a resolu- 
tion to the people of the free States of the 
Union, in which they affirmed that the annexa- 
tion of Texas had as its particular object ''the 
perpetuity of slaver}^ and the continued ascend- 
ency of the slave power." 

In 1850, a more radical Fugitive Slave Bill and 
practically all of Henry Clay's famous com- 
promise bills were passed. This general scheme 
of adjustment provided that California (that 
had an Anti-Slavery Constitution) should be 
admitted without restriction as to slavery ; that 
trading in the District of Columbia in slaves 
brought there for the purpose of sale should 
be forbidden; that there should be a more 
stringent fugitive slave law, and that Texas 
should release all claim on Mexico in return for 
the assumption by the National government of 
the old Texan debt. By these acts the slavery 
question seemed to be pretty well provided for. 
But the whole thing was again brought under 
hot dispute four years later. 

The publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 
1852, by Mrs. H. B. Stowe, was the culmina- 



181 



tion of the paper war that had raged since 
1830. It was directed against the Fugitive 
Slave Law of the Compromise of 1850. This 
law Avas openly and flagrantly violated in the 
North. Perhaps no other book had so wide a 
circulation or did so much to mould public 
opinion. 

In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill proposed by 
Douglas, was passed by Congress. It stated 
specifically that the slavery restrictions of the 
Missouri Compromise, being inconsistent with 
the principle of non-intervention by Congress 
in the States and Territories as recognized by 
the Legislature of 1850, be declared inopera- 
tive and void. It further provided to leave the 
people thereof perfectly free to form and regu- 
late their own domestic institutions in their 
own way, subject only to the Constitution of 
the United States. 

The Kansas-Nebraska Bill is chiefly significant be- 
cause it renewed the contest between the North 
and the South, which had been thought settled 
by the Compromise of 1850. It stirred up the 
passions of the people in both sections, led to 
a renewed struggle in Congress, and undoubt- 
edly hastened the resort to arms. It made the 
Fugitive Slave law a dead letter in the North 
and was the downfall of the Democratic party. 
It roused Lincoln and gave direction to his 
great political ambition. 

The doctrine put forth by Douglas to leave the 
people to regulate their own domestic institu- 
tions gave rise to what was known as '' Squatter 



182 



iSovereig)itij.-^ It led to an influx of temporary 
inhabitants, "squatters" from both North and 
South, in an eftort to gain preponderance in 
a vote on the slavery question. The feeling on 
both sides was bitter and a border warfare was 
waged for some time. 
Lincoln, by the Emancipation Proclamation, in 
1863, a war measure, freed all the slaves in the 
rebelling States. The Thirteenth Amendment, 
passed in 1865, legally destroyed the institution 
of slavery. 
Events Avhich tended to enforce or retain slavery 
as an institution : — 

Introduction, 1619. 

The invention of the cotton-gin, 1793. 

The Fugitive Slave Law, 1850. 

Dred Scott Decision, 1857. 
Events Avhich intended to abolish slavery: — 

The Ordinance of 1787. 

The Non-Importation Act, 1808. 

The Liberia, 1821. 

The Liberator, 1831. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. 

Anti-slavery Societies, 1830-1840. 

Lincoln's Election, 1861. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. 

Thirteenth Amendment, 1865; Fourteenth 
Amendment, 1868 ; Fifteenth Amendment, 
1869. 
Events partly for and partly against slavery: — 

Missouri Compromise, 1820. 

Wilmot Proviso, 1846. 

Omnibus Bill, 1850. 



]8:i 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. 

John Brown's Raid, 1859. 

For further notes see Set 27, No. 6. 

Set 36. 

1. Giovanni de Verrazano (1470-1527), a Florentine 

navigator, in the service of Francis I, King of 
France, is said to have visited the northern 
coast of North America in 1508. He engaged 
in plundering Spanish and Portuguese com- 
merce, and became famous as a corsair. In 
1524, he explored the coast of North America 
from 30° to 50°, and took possession for the 
King of France. 

2. Jacques Cartier (1494-1555) was a French navi- 

gator, born at St. Malo. Between the years 
1535 and 1542, he made three voyages to the 
St. Lawrence. Like most of the early captains, 
Cartier was a man of profound piety. This 
he envinced in all his proceedings. Before 
starting on a voyage, he always received the 
Blessed Sacrament ; and during the voyage, he 
caused religious services to be regularly held, 
on the ships under his command. Towards 
the close of his life, he retired to the suburbs 
of St. Malo, where an estate still bears his 
name. 
3. In 1641, the Jesuits received an invitation to 
visit the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie. For 
this expedition. Fathers Raymbault and Jogues 
were selected. Father Raymbault was well 
versed in the Algonquin customs and language, 



184 



and Father Jogues Avas an adept in the Huron 
tongue. After a voyage of seventeen days, they 
reached the Falls, where they addressed an 
assembly of two thousand souls. The Chippe- 
was earnestly j^ressed the missionaries to re- 
main with them ; but owing to the scarcity of 
priests, the establishment of a permanent mis- 
sion at that time was impracticable. 
The present State of New York was then occupied 
by the Iroquois, the bravest, handsomest, most 
powerful and most blood-thirsty of the Indian 
clans of North America. One year after his 
return from Michigan (1642), Father Jogues 
was taken captive by a band of roving 
Mohawks, and carried by them to their castles 
in New York. AVith him were also captured 
his companion, the gentle Rene Goupil, and 
about forty Christian Hurons. Father Jogues 
was now subjected to all the horrors of Indian 
cruelt}^ He was wounded, bruised, and burned. 
His nails were torn out, his hands and feet dis- 
located and mutilated, his left thumb hacked 
off ; but, as if by a miracle, his life was spared. 
During his long capativity of fifteen months 
he was enabled to effect man}^ baptisms and 
hear many confessions, chieflj^ among the pris- 
oners of the Indians, sometimes even among 
the flames which surrounded them. Alluding 
to the captivity of Father Jogues, Bancroft 
writes, '^Eoaming through the stately forests 
of the Mohawk Valley, he wrote the name of 
Jesus on the bark of the trees, graved the cross 
and entered into possession of these countries 



185 

ill the name of God, often lifting his voice in 
a solitary chant. Thus did France bring its 
banner and its Faith to the confines of 
Albany. ' ■ 

At length, in the summer of 1643, he was 
humanely ransomed by the Dutch governor at 
Albany and sent by him to New York, then New 
Amsterdam. Here he was treated with the 
utmost kindness b}' Governor Kieft, who pro- 
vided him with suitable clothing, and soon 
after, secured his passage to France. After a 
series of trials and disasters, he reached a col- 
lege of his order at Rennes. As soon as it was 
known that he came from Canada, the fathers 
pressed around him to ask if he brought any 
tidings of Father Jogues. When he disclosed 
his name and showed the marks of his suffer- 
ings, great was the joy and gratitude through- 
out the community. His heart, however, was 
with the Indians, and in the spring of 1645, 
he returned to Canada. Having projected a 
mission among the dreaded Iroquois, he once 
more entered the State of New York, and near 
Caughnawaga, the scene of his former suffer- 
ings, he gained what he had long coveted, a 
martyr's crown, on October 18, 1646. A shrine 
at Auriesville, New York, marks the spot of 
his martyrdom. 

4. Iroquois occupied originally the States of New 
York, Pennsylvania, and the northeastern part 
of Ohio, besides isolated tracts in North Caro- 
lina and Tennessee. 



186 



5. In 1683, Thomas Dongan, a native of Ireland and 

.a Catholic, was appointed governor, and under 
his direction the first legislative assembly held 
in New York met in October. This assembly 
granted the celebrated ' ' Charter of Liberties. ' ' 
Dongan settled the boundary dispute with 
Connecticut, made a peace treaty with the 
Indians, and did all in his power to prevent 
the southAvard march of the French. He died 
in London. 

6. The Toleration Act was a law passed by the Mary- 

land Assembly in 1649, which gave equal rights 
in religion to all Christians, This was the 
earliest legislative enactment in America assert- 
ing the principle of religious toleration. 

7. The four intercolonial wars were: — 

King William's War (1689-1697). 
Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). 
King George's War (1744-1748). 
The French and Indian War (1754-1763). 



Battle. 


State. 


Antietam 


Maryland. 


Shiloh 


Tennessee. 


Chattanooga 


Tennessee. 


Murfreesboro 


Tennessee. 


Malvern Hill 


Virginia. 



9. Generals of the Civil War. Robert E. Lee, Joseph 
E. Johnston, George B. McClellan, George H. 
Thomas, Ulysses S. Grant, Winfield Scott, Wil- 
liam T. Sherman, Philip H. Sheridan, P. Gus- 
tave T. Beauregard, Irvin McDowell, Thomas 



l.<7 

J. Jackson, Henry W. Halleck, Braxton Bragg, 
Joseph Hooker, George G. Meade, Ambrose E. 
Burnside, Albert S. Johnston. 
10. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffer- 
son, James Madison, James Monroe, John 
Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van 
Buren, William H. Harrison, John Tyler, 
James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fill- 
more, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S, 
Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A, Gar- 
field, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, 
Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, William 
JMcKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William H. 
Taft, Woodrow Wilson. 

Set 37. 

1. Spanish Failure. — The main object of the colo- 
nists had been to get gold, of which it was be- 
lieved there was an abundance in the New 
World. Few men went out fully intending to 
be permanent settlers. The expeditions con- 
sisted mostly of those who could not get on at 
home, and thought they could escape hard 
work by going to the country where they be- 
lieved everything was to be had by merely 
picking it up. Then, again, the parties were 
few in number, unable to protect themselves 
against the hostile Indians. They were cut off 
from help or supplies from home; and were, 
moreover, totally ignorant of the country itself 
and its requirements in regard to clothing, 
crops, and climate. 



]88 



D lit ell Failure. — The Dutch settlements were re- 
garded by them in the light of trading posts, 
rather than colonies, and they did not seem to 
have realized, in the slightest degree, the pos- 
sibilities that were before them in the possession 
of the Hudson River and New York Bay. The 
settlements were few and grew slowly. Mean- 
while, the English colonies to the north and 
south, increasing rapidly in wealth and popu- 
lation, were divided by the Dutch possessions 
as b}' a wedge. This was both unpleasant and 
dangerous, and, as a consecpience, there were 
man}^ disputes between the Dutch and the 
English settlers. 

English Success. — The English had gained pos- 
session of the choicest parts of the New World ; 
advantages of situation, climate, fertilit}^ of 
soil, abundance of navigable streams and safe 
harbors were theirs ; in short, everything which 
might help the development of a hardy, indus- 
trious, and energetic race. More than any 
other of the colonizing nations, the English 
came to seek homes in the New AVorld, and in 
consequence, turned their attention to improv- 
ing their surroundings and bettering their con- 
dition in every way that seemed possible to 
them. It was due to no one thing that they 
increased faster than others in numbers, in 
power, and in wealth, but to a combination of 
many things. Notwithstanding all their ad- 
vantages, it was long before they occupied more 
than a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic 
coast, for the settlers w^ere verv few in num- 



189 



ber, they were poor, and many of tlieni igno- 
rant ; the settlements were widely separated 
from each other. 

The three forms of government before the Revo- 
lution were : Royal, or Provincial, Proprietary, 
and Charter. 

The Royal or Provincial governments were those 
wholly under the control of Great Britain. 
The colony was controlled by a man appointed 
by the king. 

The Proprietary governments were those gov- 
erned by a proprietor or proprietors to whom 
the territory had been sold or granted b}^ the 
king. The proprietors derived not only the 
title to the soil, but also the power of govern- 
ment from the sovereign. 

The Charter governments, sometimes called Re- 
publican because Proprietary colonies also had 
charters, were those under the control of the 
sovereign, but having important political 
rights secured to them by a charter, and under 
its restrictions they governed themselves. 
When the king reserved the right to send over 
a governor, it was called a modified charter. 

Likenesses. — In all three forms there was a rep- 
resentative assembly which alone could impose 
taxes. All the thirteen colonies alike had a 
legislative assembly elected by the people. The 
basis of representation might be different in 
different colonies, as we have seen that in 
Massachusetts the delegates represented town- 
ships, whereas in Virginia they represented 
counties; but in all alike the assembly was a 



190 



truly representative body, and in all alike it 
was the body that controlled the expenditure 
of public money. 

Differences. — The differences related to the char- 
acter and method of filling the governor's of- 
fice. In the Republican or Charter colon.y, the 
governor naturally represented the interests 
of the people ; in the Proprietary colony, he 
was the agent of the Penns or the Calverts ; in 
the Royal colony, he was the agent of the king. 
Of the three forms of colonial government, the 
king had the most power under the Royal form 
and the least under the Charter. Under the 
Charter form the people were by far the hap- 
piest; under the Royal form continual dis- 
putes arose between the king and the colonists. 

Royal. — Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New 
York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Georgia. 

Proprietarij. — Marj^land, Pennsylvania, Delaware. 

Charter. — Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachu- 
setts for a time. 

Professor Alexander Johnston places Massachu- 
setts in a class by herself as a Semi-Royal col- 
ony. IMassachusetts was originally a Republic, 
and among the Royal colonies still had a char- 
ter in which her rights were so defined as to 
place her in a somewhat different position 
from the other Royal colonies. 

Events. 

House of Burgesses in Virginia, in July, 1619. 
Bacon's Rebellion, in 1676. in Virginia. 



191 

The taking of the charter m the Connecticut 
colony, in 1687. 

The Virginia Assembly, in May, 1765. 

The Stamp Act Congress, in New York, 1765. 

The First Continental Congress, in Philadel- 
phia, 1774. 

The Second Continental Congress, in Philadel- 
phia, 1775. 

3. Vircfinia.—The people of Virginia differed widely 
from those in Massachusetts in habits and 
style of living. In place of thickly settled 
towns and villages, they had large plantations, 
and each family was surrounded by a numer- 
ous household of servants. They were aristo- 
cratic, very sociable and hospitable, and were 
not so constrained in their manners as the 
New England colonists, and depended upon 
their slaves for all labor done on the planta- 
tions. Education was abhorred, and amuse- 
ment was often sought in horse-racing, fox- 
hunting, and other outdoor sports. 
Occupations.— Agriauhure was the principal oc- 
cupation, tobacco forming the leading product. 
^lassachuseits.— The New England people were 
strict in morals. Their life was guided by 
rigid rules, regarding attendance at church, 
ob'servance of Sunday, etc. Their conduct was 
shaped by a literal interpretation of the Scrip- 
tures. They were an earnest, hard-working 
class, but they were also narrow-minded, ex- 
clusive, and bigoted towards all creeds except 
their own. Education was fostered very much. 



192 



Occupations. — The people were engaged iu fishing, 
shipbuilding, commerce, and farming. 

4. At the time of the first settlements, in 1665, the 

colonists received the ' ' Concessions, ' ' a kind of 
local constitution. In 1674 the region was 
divided into the separate colonies of East New 
Jersey: and AVest New Jersey, each Avith a pro- 
prietary charter. In 1702, the proprietors sur- 
rendered their rights, and New Jersej^ became 
one voynl province and remained so until the 
Revolution. 

5. The thirteen States represented by the stripes on 

our flag are : Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jerse}^ PenUvSylvania, Delaware, Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia. 
There are now forty-eight States in the Union. 

6. See Set 36, No. 7. 

They were called intercohmial wars because they 
were fought between the colonies. 

7. Instead of driving the Indians away and taking 

possession of their lands, the French made 
friends with them and tried to convert them. 
They built their homes among the Indian vil- 
lages, and on feast-days it was no uncommon 
thing to see the red man a participator in the 
white man's sports. No pains were spared to 
win them to the cause of France. From this 
mingling of races the French thought that the 
Indian would be won over to civilization and 
Christianitv. Where the trader and the sol- 



193 



dier went, the priest followed, and soon mis- 
sion houses and forts Avere established at all 
the chief passes and places suited to control 
the Indian trade. 
See Set 39, No. 10, Results of French and Indian 
War. 

Among the laws enacted in England against 
which the colonists emphatically protested were 
the Navigation Laws. They first prohibited 
the importation of commodities into England 
in any ships except those belonging to Eng- 
land, the English colonies, or the country which 
produced the commodities. Later certain ar- 
ticles — sugar, tobacco, and indigo among them 
— were to be shipped to no country but Eng- 
land. Finally, it was enacted in 1663 that 
European products should not be received in 
the colonies from foreign vessels, thus giving 
a complete monopoly of the colonial commerce 
to English merchants, who, protected from 
competition, could charge high prices on goods 
to the colonists and pay low prices on goods 
from the colonies. 

1631, tobacco must be exported solely to England. 

1651, all commerce between England and her 
colonies, and between England or the colonies 
and other parts of the world, must be carried 
on in ships owned and manned by Englishmen, 
excepting that other nations may bring their 
products in their own ships. 

1660, colonial exports must be sent to England. 

1663. colonial imports must come from England. 



194 



Results. — A war with Holland which decided the 
naval supremacy of England. The hostility 
of the colonies to the mother country. Eng- 
land was greatly enriched by the colonial trade. 
9. For causes of the Revolution, see Set 25, No. 2. 

Defensive Measures. — The colonists refused to buy 
or sell the articles taxed. The refusal of en- 
trance into the harbors of ships bearing tea 
that was taxed. Destruction of much of the 
tea. "Boston Tea Party." The union of the 
colonies to fight for their rights and inde- 
pendence. The resolutions of Patrick Henry, 
1765. The organization of the Sons of Liberty 
and the Daughters of Liberty, 1765. The first 
Colonial Congress in 1765. The second Colo- 
nial or the first Continental Congress in 1774. 
The Minute Men were organized, 1774. Bos- 
ton Neck was fortified, 1774. The colonial 
stores were removed to Concord, 1774. 

The loyalists, or tories, were so numerous, because 
most of the settlers were descendants of Eng- 
lish emigrants, or were themselves from Eng- 
land. Their relatives were in England, and 
there was still a strong attachment to the king 
and the mother country. It has been proved 
that the tories were such through a spirit of 
loyalty and patriotism to the mother country. 
10. (a) 1. Their unity of purpose to fight for free- 
dom. 

2. The short distances to be traversed in as- 

sembling troops. 

3. The fact that they were accustomed to 

work and hardships. 



195 



(b) 1. Knowledge of the lav of the country. 

2. Strength of the harbors; course of the 
rivers. 

(c) Advantages of England. 

1. Her wealth. 

2. Her well-disciplined troops. 

3. Her naval forces. 

Set 38. 

1. See Set 29, No. -i. 

2. See Set 5, No. 10. 

3. See Set 12, No. 8. 

4. Under the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 

passed May 30, 1854, by Congress, Kansas and 
Nebraska were separated and organized into 
territories. It provided for the rights of set- 
tlers to decide for themselves whether this ter- 
ritory should be slave or free. This w^as called 
"popular or squatter sovereignty." The im- 
portance of this bill lay in the fact that it 
practically repealed the Missouri Compromise. 
D. See Set 4, No. 4. 

6. See Map No. 3. 

7. See Map No. 9. 

8. Northern Generals. — George B. McClellan, Ulys- 

ses S. Grant, Joseph Hooker, Philip H. Sheri- 
dan, George H. Thomas, Ambrose E. Burnside, 
William^ T. Sherman, Winfield Scott, Irvin Mc- 
Dowell, Henry W. Halleck, George G. Meade. 
Southern Generals. — Robert E. Lee, Thomas J. 
Jackson (Stonewall Jackson), Joseph E. John- 
ston, Albert S. Johnston. Braxton Bragg, P. 
Gustave T. Beaureaard. 



196 

Set 39. 

1. (a) There is no clue as to what year is meant 
here ; either of the following answers 
might be given. 

At the opening of the Spanish-American 
War, the United States Asiatic Squadron, 
under Commodore George Dewey, "was in 
the harbor of Hongkong. At once a mes- 
sage was sent to him to capture or destroy 
the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. 
Dewey sailed immediately; and Sunday 
morning, May 1, before daybreak, he 
passed the entrance to Manila Bay and 
slowly drew near the city. When the sun 
arose the Spanish fleet was seen off Cavite, 
a peninsula which is eight miles from 
Manila, across the bay. Dewey had four 
cruisers, tw^o gunboats, and a dispatch 
boat, a fleet superior to the naval force of 
Spain. The battle began at daybreak, and 
the American squadron, passing and re- 
passing five times before the Spanish 
boats, aimed its guns with deadly eff.ect. 
Every Spanish vessel was destroyed with 
large loss of life. 

The Americans lost neither a vessel nor a 
man. Congress gave Dewey a vote of 
thanks and a sword, and the President 
appointed him rear admiral. He was later 
given the highest rank in the navy, that 
of admiral. 



197 



The World-Circling United States Fleet left 
Hampton Eoads, December 16, 1907, and 
returned February 22, 1909. The trip 
lasted one year, two months, six days, or 
433 days. The commanders-in-chief were 
Eear Admiral Evans from Hampton Roads 
to San Francisco, and Rear Admiral 
Sperry from San Francisco to Hampton 
Roads. From Hampton Roads the fleet 
sailed southward to Port of Spain (Trini- 
dad Island), then to Rio de Janeiro, to 
Punta Arenas, to Callao, to Magdalena 
Bay, to San Diego, to Santa Barbara, to 
Monterey, to San Francisco, to Puget 
Sound; then returned to San Francisco, 
crossed the Pacific to Hawaii, passing New 
York Island and Samoa, then to Auckland 
(New Zealand), then to Sydney, Mel- 
bourne, Albany (Australia), then to the 
Philippines, to Yokohama (Japan), to 
Amoy (China), to Manila, to Colombo 
(Ceylon), through the Red Sea, Suez 
Canal, Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Gib- 
raltar, crossing the Atlantic to Hampton 
Roads. The total cost of the tour was 
$13,460,512. 

(b) Magellan proved that the New World 
Avas a separate continent. He skirted the 
coast of South America, entered the strait 
which has since borne his name, reached 
the Pacific, crossed it, and one of his ves- 
sels rounded the Cape of Good Hope, thus 



198 

proving that North and South America 
were not a part of India as had been sup- 
posed. 

2. English. — Jamestown, Virginia, 1607. 
French. — Quebec, Quebec, 1608. 
Spanish. — St. Augustine, Florida, 1565. 
Dutch. — New Amsterdam, New York, 1623. 

3. The thirteen original colonies: Massachusetts, 

New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Georgia. 

In 1584, Virginia was first settled by colonists 
under Raleigh on Roanoke Island. This was 
not a permanent settlement. The first perma- 
nent settlement was made at Jamestown, in 
1607. 

The last colony settled was Georgia, in 1733, at 
Savannah. 

4. Christopher Columhus (1435-1506) was a native 

of Genoa, in Italy. His father was a w^ool- 
comber, also the owner of a small cloth factory. 
At the age of ten Columbus was sent to the 
University of Pa via, where he laid the founda- 
tion of that scientific knowledge in which he 
afterwards excelled. Two years later he was 
withdrawn by his father, probably from inabil- 
ity to meet the attendant expenses. During the 
time Columbus had, however, become well 
well versed in Latin, geography, astronomy, 
mathematics, and drawing. At the age of four- 
teen he commenced his seafaring life, which he 



199 



continued almost uninterruptedly till his death. 
He himself said, "Wherever ship has sailed, 
there have I voyaged." 

About 1473 he reached Lisbon, in Portugal, at 
that time the chief center of the spirit of dis- 
covery and adventure in Europe. While in 
Lisbon, Columbus earned a living by making 
maps and charts. In 1474, he wrote to a great 
Florentine geographer, Dr. Paolo Toscanelli, 
for a map which he had made, showing the 
route to Asia and Japan. Toscanelli sent the 
desired map to him with letters of explanation. 
This map would have been singularly correct 
had not the continent of America been directly 
in the way. Columbus used this map on his 
journey. 

Columbus believed the earth to be round. He was 
a man of deeply religious nature; determined 
and shrewd. He believed himself to be called 
to "carry the true faith to the uttermost parts 
of the earth." Being too poor to provide the 
necessary ships and provisions for his journey, 
he first applied to the king of Portugal for 
aid. His plans were referred to a learned 
council of the king's court, but they were re- 
jected. Disheartened, Columbus betook him- 
self to Spain to seek the aid of Ferdinand and 
Isabella. Spain was, at that time, preparing 
for the battles against the Moors, and the 
preparations for the war, and the excitement 
of the times delayed his reception by the king 
and queen. Finally he was invited to appear 
before them and to unfold his Avondrous plans 



200 



for the new route to Asia. The Spanish sov- 
ereigns called a council of learned men at the 
University of Salamanca to examine the charts 
and plans. They rejected the scheme as vis- 
ionary. 

At length in 1491, five years after his arrival, 
Columbus resolved to leave Spain and seek the 
aid of France. With his son, he started heart- 
broken on his dreary journey. But after many 
hardships and much disappointment, through 
the influence of Father Juan Perez, Queen 
Isabella at last agreed to the terms of Colum- 
bus, offering, if necessary, to sell her crown 
jewels to secure sufficient money for the voy- 
age. Columbus had succeeded at last after 
eighteen years of waiting. 

Though he was armed with the king's authority, 
Columbus obtained vessels and sailors with the 
greatest difficulty. The boldest seamen shrank 
from such a desperate undertaking. At last 
three small vessels were fitted out with a crew 
of ninety men. 

Penn allowed the settlers, (1) freedom of relig- 
ious worship; (2) almost complete power of 
self-government. 

The right to vote was given to every man who 
paid his taxes, and Christians of any denomi- 
nation might hold office. People of other na- 
tions were allowed the same privileges that 
were given to Englishmen, and no law could be 
made without the consent of the people. 



201 

1492 — Discovery of America by Columbus. 
1565 — Founding of St. Augustine, Florida. 
1607 — Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. 
1619 — Introduction of slavery into America. 
1620 — Pilgrims landed at Plymouth from the 
Mayflower. 

6. The French gained possession of the St. Lawrence 
and the Mississippi. They built forts along 
the St. Lawrence from Quebec to the Great 
Lakes, up the Ottawa to its headwaters, over 
the portage to Lake Nipissing, down to Geor- 
gian Bay. 

The French settled at the mouth of the Missis- 
sippi, founding New Orleans (1725), thus con- 
trolling navigation and shutting out the Span- 
ish. A chain of about sixty forts was estab- 
lished from Mobile Bay north to the Illinois 
River. Detroit was founded. Niagara was 
built in 1726. The skill with which the posi- 
tion of these posts was selected is shown by the 
fact that many of them have since become cities 
or to^^Tis, as Fort Wayne, Detroit, Toledo, 
Natchez, and New Orleans. Thus the two great 
rivers were in the hands of the French. 

Advantages. — Easy access to the ocean for com- 
merce; holding claim to the lands drained by 
the rivers. 

Disadvantages. — Forts had to be built to keep out 

intruders on their lands. Men were needed to 

defend these forts. The trading posts were 

built through a country almost as wild as when 

, the continent was discovered by the Cabots. 



202 



In order to hold possession of the rivers by 
building many forts, the colony was weakened. 

7. Virginia. — John Smith. Motive. — Financial 

profit. 

Pennsylvania. — William Penn. Motive. — To es- 
tablish a free commonwealth for the Quakers. 

Maryland. — George Calvert. Motive. — To give a 
place of refuge to persecuted Catholics. 

Massachusetts. — John Endicott. Motive. — Sepa- 
ration from the Church of England, and to ob- 
tain greater civil and religious freedom. 

Georgia. — General James Oglethorpe. Motive. — 
The establishment of a home for debtors im- 
prisoned under the severe laws of England at 
that time. 

8. (a) The English, the French, the Spanish, and 

the Dutch made settlements in America, 
(b) England had commercial interests. Many of 
her philanthropic citizens sought to estab- 
lish places of refuge for the oppressed and 
the poor that lived in the overcrowded 
cities of England. 

Holland planted colonies in America for trad- 
ing purposes. 

Spain, prompted by the love of adventure, 
a chivalrous contempt of danger, combined 
wuth the desire to spread the faith, labored 
to plant colonies in America. 

France was impelled by motives both com- 
mercial and missionary. Wherever the 
fur trader went, and often preceding him 
and the soldier, there went also the Roman 



203 

Catholic priest, trying to convert the na- 
tive to Christianity. No difficulties, no 
dangers were too great to deter him from 
his pious mission, 
(c) Settlements: English. — Jamestown, Virginia, 
1607. 
French. — Quebec, Quebec, 1608. 
Spanish. — St. Augustine, 

Florida, 1565. 
Dutch. — New Amsterdam, New 
York, 1623. 
9. (a) North America was discovered by John Cabot 
in 1497; he reached Labrador, June 24. 
(b) See Set 32, No. 1. 
10. The French and Indian War. Cause. — Remote. 

(a) The conflicting claims to territory. 

(b) The enmity between England and France. 
Immediate. — The settlement of the Ohio Valley. 

Result: — 

1. The Treaty of Paris. 

(a) France surrendered to England, Canada, ex- 

cept three small islands near Newfound- 
land, and her possessions east of the Missis- 
sippi River except New Orleans. 

(b) France ceded to Spain her possessions west of 

the Mississippi River and New Orleans. 

(c) Spain ceded Florida to England in return for 

Havana. 

2. It cost the colonists thirty thousand men and 

eleven million dollars. 

3. It engendered strife between the colonies and 

England. 



204 

4. It created a bond of iinion among the colonies. 

5. It skilled the colonists in the art of war. 

6. It gave England a vast extent of territory in the 

New World, which, added to what she already 
possessed, proved too great for her control. 

7. During the war, England allowed the colonies 

freedom in trade. When she again attempted 
to enforce her obnoxious laws, the colonists re- 
sisted more persistently than before. 

Important Battle. — The expedition against 
Quebec. 

Coynmanders.^ — British, Wolfe. 

French, Montcalm. 

Result. — Quebec fell and the long struggle ended 
in the defeat of the French. The capture of 
Quebec was the turning point in American 
colonial history. 

11. Fort Du Quesne was erected where the present city 
of Pittsburg is now situated, in the western 
part of Pennsylvania, at the junction of the 
IMonongahela and the Allegheny Rivers. 

It was important as it was built at the junction of 
two rivers. It was the key to the West, and was 
an easy starting place to go north, south, east, 
or west. Its location near navigable rivers 
made it an easy way to get supplies. It was 
the strongest and most important point held by 
the French in the Ohio Valley, and attacking 
parties could cross over into the English 
colonies. 

Major-General Edward Braddock led an expedi- 
tion against it. 



205 



Result. — Braddoek scorned Washington's advice 
and his army was surprised when within a few 
miles of Fort Du Quesne. A small French 
and Indian force routed his army with great 
loss of life, Braddoek himself being among the 
slain. The remnant of the army was saved 
only by the courage and coolness of Washing- 
ton. Besides the losses from the expedition, 
much of the w^estern part of Virginia and 
Pennsylvania was ravaged by the French and 
Indians. It showed the colonial troops what 
they could do alone, and gave confidence in 
Washington. 

Set 40. 

1. (a) Chatham and Franklin pleaded with the King 

of England for the repeal of the Stamp 
Act, and for the security of the colonial 
charters ; to abandon the claims to taxation 
and recall the troops. If England had 
accepted this plea, there would have been 
no Revolutionary AVar, and we would have 
been under English rule. 
(b) By the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 
1776, the colonists declared their freedom. 
This freedom was only really acquired by 
the War of Independence, which lasted six 
years, 1775-1781. 

2. (a) General Nathaniel Greene fought at Prince- 

ton, Trenton, and Germantow^n, and saved 
the American army at Brandywdne. When 
General Gates retired from the forces in 
the South, General Greene was his sue- 



206 



cessor. He was considered one of the most 
brilliant generals in the Revolution, second 
only to Washington. Congress voted the 
highest honors to General Greene, who, by 
his prudence, wisdom, and valor, had with 
such insignificant forces and miserable 
equipment, achieved so much for the cause 
of liberty. He never gained a decided 
victory, and his very retreats strengthened 
the confidence of his men and weakened 
that of the enemy. 

(b) John Paul Jones accomplished many daring 

feats during the Revolution, the principal 
one being the destruction of an English 
fleet in English ports. For this victory he 
received great praise in his own country, 
and many valuable gifts from foreign 
governments. For his victory over the 
Scrap is, he received a gold medal with the 
thanks of Congress and a gold sword from 
the King of France. He was a man of 
remarkable courage and daring. He died 
in Paris in 1792. 

(c) Marquis de Lafayette w^as a noted French 

nobleman who came to this country to help 
the colonists gain their freedom from Great 
Britain. He secretly fitted out, at his own 
expense, a ship and came to America to 
join the forces of Washington without pay. 
His historic words were, "When first I 
heard of American independence my heart 
was enlisted!" Congress appointed him 
major-general. 



207 



3. Burgoyne was obliged to surrender. 

(a) Because he did not receive help from Howe. 

(b) Lack of men, a great number of his Indian 

allies having deserted him. 

(c) He was hemmed in on all sides, and was de- 

feated in a series of engagements, and 
finally surrendered to General Gates at 
Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 
This surrender was of great importance. 

(1) Because it saved New York State. 

(2) It completely destroyed the plan of the 

war. 

( 3 ) It induced the king to offer us peace with 

representation in Parliament, or any- 
thing else we desired except indepen- 
dence. It also secured for us the aid 
of France. 

4. The Revolutionary War was ended October 19, 

1781, by the surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
town. 

The United States Constitution was adopted Sep- 
tember 17, 1787. 

From 1781 to 1787 the country was governed by 
the Articles of Confederation. Among the weak 
points of the Articles were the following: — 

(a) Any State was permitted to be higher 

than the alliance. 

(b) Congress consisted of only one body, 
(e) No definite number of Representatives 

was specified, and but one vote was 
allowed to each State. 



208 

{ 

4. There was difficulty in amending the Articles. 

Under them all States, large and small, had the 
same power. No national system of courts was 
established; the executive and legislative pow- 
ers were not separated, and the power of the 
government was limited. A long time was not 
required to show that the Articles were de- 
fective. After 1781 the government appeared 
to be no stronger than before. The chief cause 
was the lack of power given to Congress ta 
enforce its laws. The various public questions 
which arose from 1781 to 1787 were so poorly- 
met as to convince the people that they were 
mistaken in the form of government they had 
established. They saw it was necessary to have 
some better form of government which would 
not cause so much friction. 

The American Association. — On October 20, 1774, 
Congress drew up the American Association to 
enforce the colonists' claim of rights against 
the British government. 

It was formed to denounce slave trade, and ap- 
pointed committees to detect and publish the 
names of the violators of these laws, and after 
September, 1775, no American goods were to 
be exported to Great Britain, Ireland or the 
British West Indies. 

It was the real beginning of the American Union, 
because the Americans refused to be subject to 
English government, and this eventually 
brought on the Re voluntary War. 

5. The chief executive officer of New Jersey is the 

Governor. 



209 

The chief executive officer of Trenton is the Mayor. 
The City Council makes the laws for Trenton. 

Set 41. 

1. (a) The reasons for the AYar of 1812 may be sum- 

marized as follows : — 
(1) The Orders in Council (revoked just be- 
fore the war, but too late to affect the 
course of events). 

(2) The impressment of American seamen. 

(3) The alleged British intrigues with the 

Indians, especially Teeumseh. 

(4) The blockade of American ports and 

seizure of American vessels in con- 
nection with the enforcement of the 
Orders in Council and the right of 
impressment. 
(5) The generally unfriendly attitude of 
British statesmen. 

(b) The battle between the Constitution and the 

Guerriere, 1812. 
The battle between the Chesapeake and the 

Shannon, 1813. 
The battle of Lake Erie, 1813. 
The battle of Lake Champlain, 1814. 

(c) See Set 34, No. 3. 

2. Causes. — Real, the annexation of Texas. 

Immediate, the boundary line between 

Texas and Mexico. 

Results.— \. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 

(a) The Rio Grande River was made the 

boundarv between Texas and Mexico. 



210 



(b) California and New Mexico were ceded 

to the United States. 

(c) The United States paid Mexico $15,000,- 

000 and assumed $3,500,000 due Texas 
citizens. 

2. It revived the slavery question in American 

politics. 
An important result of the war was the education 
of many officers who were later to figure prom- 
inently in the Civil War. ( Grant, Lee, Thomas, 
Sherman, McClellan, Beauregard, Shields and 
Jackson. ) 

3. (a) The adjustment of the Oregon question, pro- 

hibiting slavery in that territory, 1848. 

(b) The "Wilmot Proviso, to prevent the reintro- 

duction of the slave system into the area 
that IMexico might cede to us, 1846. 

(c) The organization of a Free-Soil Party in 1848. 

(d) The Compromise of 1850, or the Omnibus 

Bill, which multiplied the opponents of 
slavery. 

(e) The publication of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin" 

stirred up the anti-slavery feeling and in- 
creased the ranks of those opposed to the 
extension of slavery, 1850. 

(f) John Brown's Raid was believed to be the 

beginning of a general movement for the 
liberation of the slaves, 1859. 

4. Sherman^ s Capture of Atlanta and liis March 

to the Sea. 



211 



In May 4, 1864, Sherman, with 98,000 men, 
marched against Johnston, drove him out of 
Dalton, and step by step through the moun- 
tains, fighting at Resaea, Dallas and Kenesaw 
Mountain. Johnston was removed and Hood 
took command, abandoning Atlanta and going 
northward, in the hope of drawing Sherman 
into Tennessee. Sherman sent Thomas to Nash- 
ville, and after following just long enough to 
be sure that Hood would not return, he again 
reached Atlanta, tearing up the railroads as he 
went. Then gathering his troops at Atlanta, he 
burned the town, and in November started for 
the "Sea." 

The troops went in four columns, covering a belt 
of sixty miles in width, burning bridges, tear- 
ing up railroads, living on the country as the}^ 
marched. Early in December the army drew 
near to Savannah, and a few weeks later 
stormed and took Fort McAllister, and with it, 
the city. The North knew nothing about Sher- 
man's doings, until a telegram reached Presi- 
dent Lincoln presenting him with the city of 
Savannah as a Christmas gift. The effect of 
this march can hardly be overestimated. A 
fertile region sixty miles wide and three hun- 
dred miles long was desolated; three hundred 
miles of railroad were destroyed; the eastern 
portion of the already sundered Confederacy 
was cut in twain; immense supplies of pro- 
visions Avere captured, and the hardships of 
war were brought home to many who had 
hitherto been exempt from its actual contact. 



212 



5. Tariff. — A schedule of taxes. A law speeifyiug 

the amount of import tax to be levied upon 
each article brought into the country. 

Fi^ee Trade. — Free trade is the interchanging of 
products between nations w^ithout paying any- 
thing. 

Reciprocity. — Reciprocity is an agreement between 
two countries conferring equal privileges as re- 
gards the admission of imports. 

6. (a) The electric telegraph in 1837 by Samuel F. 

B. Morse. 

(b) The reaper, 1833, and the sewing machine in 

in 1846. 

(c) The vulcanization of rubber by means of 

Goodyear 's discovery, 1844. 

(d) Hoe's printing press, 1845. 

(e) Ericsson's screw propeller. 

(e) The use of ether, 1846. 

(f) The Bell Telephone, 1877. 

(g) The Edison inventions: The phonograph, 

1877, and the incandescent electric light, 
1879. 

Set 42. 

1. (a) De Soto, Drake, Verazzani, Cartier, Cham- 
plain, Narv^aez. 
(b) De Soto, in the service of Spain, explored 
the southern part of the United States, and 
discovered the Mississippi River, 1539- 
1542. 
Drake, in the service of England, explored 
the Pacific Coast to Oregon, 1579. 



213 

Verazzani, in the service of France, explored 
the coast of the United States north of 
Cape Fear, 1524. 

Cartier, in the service of France, discovered 
and explored the St Lawrence River, 1535. 

Champlain, in the service of France, discov- 
ered and explored as far as Luke Huron, 
1603-1635. 

Narvaez, in the service of Spain, explored 
Florida, 1528. 

2. (a) In England the House of Lords lost much of 
its power. It can no longer defeat the 
people's will. 

The ancient despotism of China has fallen 
and this prepared the way for China to 
become a republic. 

The year 1911 opened with a republic newly 
established in Portugal. 

Canada rejected our offer of reciprocity or 
partial free trade. 

Congress voted to admit New Mexico and 
Arizona as States. 

The creation of three American Cardinals: 
Cardinal Farley of New York, Cardinal 
O'Connell of Boston, Cardinal Falconio. 
(b) The presidential election was the greatest 
national event of 1912. Governor Wood- 
row Wilson of New Jersey, and Governor 
Thomas Riley Marshall of Indiana, were 
elected in November, 1912. Wilson re- 
ceived an immense majority of votes in the 
Electoral College (435 electoral votes) ; 



21-i 



but he is a "minority president," because 
he received less than half of the popular 
vote. 
3. In what a strange world Washington would find 
himself if he could come back and walk along 
the streets of the great city w^hich now stands 
on the banks of the Potomac and bears his 
name! He never in his life saw a flagstone 
sidewalk, nor an asphalted street, nor a pane 
of glass six feet square. He never heard a 
factory whistle; he never saw^ a building ten 
stories high, nor an elevator, nor a gas jet, nor 
an electric light; he never saw a hot-air fur- 
nace, nor entered a room warmed by steam. 
In the windows of shop after shop would be scores 
of articles familiar enough to us, but so un- 
known to him that he could not even name 
them. He never saw a sewing machine, nor 
a revolver, nor a rubber coat, nor a rubber shoe, 
nor a steel pen, nor a piece of blotting paper, 
nor an envelope, nor a postage stamp, nor a 
typewriter. He never struck a match, nor sent 
a telegram, nor spoke through a telephone, nor 
sent a message by wireless, nor touched an 
electric bell. He never saw a railroad, though 
he had seen a rude form of steamboat. He 
never saw a horse car, nor an omnibus, nor a 
trolley car, nor a ferry boat. Fancy him board- 
ing a street car to take a ride. He would prob- 
ably pay his fare with a "nickel." But the 
''nickel" is a coin he never saw. Fancy him 
trying to understand the advertisements that 
Avould meet his eye as he took his seat ! Fancy 



215 



him staring from the window at a fence bright 
with theatrical posters, or at a man rushing 
by on a bicycle ! 

A boy enters the car with half a dozen daily news- 
papers, all printed in the same city. In 
Washington's day there w^ere but four daily 
papers in the United States. The ambulance, 
the steam fire engine, the hose cart, the hook 
and ladder company, the police patrol, the 
police officer on the street corner, the letter 
carrier gathering the mail, the district messen- 
ger boy, the express company, the delivery 
wagon of the stores, the automobile, have all 
come in since Washington died. 

Washington sees a great wagon or a white 
trolley car marked United States Mail, and on 
inquiry is told that the money now spent by 
the government each year for the support of 
the post offices would have more than paid 
the national debt w^hen he was President. He 
hears with amazement that there are now 
75,000 post offices, and recalls that in 1790 
there were but seventy-five. He picks up from 
the sidewalk a piece of paper with a little 
pink something on the corner. He is told that 
the portrait on it is his own, that it is a postage 
stamp, that it costs two cents, and will carry a 
letter to San Francisco, a city he never heard 
of, and, if the person to wdiom it is addressed 
cannot be found, will bring the letter back to 
the sender, a distance of over 5,000 miles. In 
his day a letter was a single sheet of paper, no 
matter how^ large or small, and the postage on 



216 



it was determined not by weight, but by dis- 
tance, and might be anything from six to 
twenty-five cents. 
Washington was a farmer, 3^et he never in his life 
beheld a tomato, nor a cauliflower, nor an egg- 
plant, nor a horserake, nor a drill, nor a reaper 
and binder, nor a threshing machine, nor a 
barbed wire fence. Should Washington come 
to life today, there would indeed be many 
things new and strange to him. 

4. Robert Morns was a statesman and financier. 
During the Revolution, he repeatedly saved the 
army from ruin, and when funds were wanted 
to outfit the expedition against Yorktown, he 
supplied the amount, $1,400,000, by his own 
notes. 

Benjamin FranMin was a statesman and philoso- 
pher. He became to the American cause in the 
Old World what Washington was to it in the 
New. His influence at the French court was 
unbounded, and while in England he defended 
the cause of liberty with great zeal and ability. 
He helped to draft the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and was one of its signers. 

John Paul Jones made his name forever illustri- 
ous in naval battles. He is the great naval hero 
of the Revolution, and accomplished many dar- 
ing feats, the principal one being the destruc- 
tion of an English fleet in English ports. For 
his victory over the Serapis, he received a gold 
medal with the thanks of Congress and a gold 
sword from the Kinsr of France. 



217 

Lafayette, a young nobleman of France, secretly 
fitted out at his own expense a ship and came 
to America to join the forces of Washington 
without pay. 

George WashingtoJi was commander-in-chief of 
the continental army, and took part in many of 
the decisive battles of the Revolution. He is 
called the "Father of His Country," owing to 
his faithfulness to duty and countr3\ 

Pat lick Henry was a young lawj^er of Virginia 
w^ho delivered his address in the Virginia As- 
sembly in protestation against the "Stamp 
Act." 

Samuel Adams displayed unflinching zeal for 
popular rights on all occasions. He was one of 

' the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 

Paul Revere rode furiously during the night of 
April 18 to April 19, 1775, in order to warn the 
Americans at Lexington of the coming of the 
British. 

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), an 
English orator and statesman. His rare disin- 
terestedness, his contempt of all that was mean 
or low, and his wonderful talents made him the 
favorite of the people. He opposed the min- 
isters who advocated schemes of colonial taxa- 
tion, and remained the staunch friend of 
America during the Revolutionary struggle. 

Thomas Jefferson drew up the Declaration of In- 
dependence, and was the author of our decimal 
system of coinage. He abolished the law of 
primogeniture (the exclusive right of inherit- 



218 



ance belonging to the eldest son), and pur- 
chased Louisiana from France; this purchase 
more than doubled our domain. 

5. (a) There were spinning bees, quilting and husk- 
ing parties in the New England colonial 
homes, and this gave the colonists an op- 
portunity to help one another and at the 
same time gave a little social pleasure. As 
they worked they indulged in gossip and 
related stories. As newspapers were few, 
the news of the day was usually heard at 
these evening gatherings. The refresh- 
ments consisted of apples and chestnuts 
roasted at the open fireplace. Nuts and 
cider did not fail. Before the evening 
came to a close a game of blind man's buff 
was enjoyed. 

(b) In the Middle and Southern colonies, the peo- 
ple were fond of cockfighting and other 
rude sports brought from England. Court 
days were eagerly welcomed by the people. 
Then the deserted county seat became a 
scene of bustle and confusion. Rich and 
poor met on equal footing. Jokes were 
cracked, athletic sports engaged in, horses 
"swapped," and the speed of a favorite 
nag bet on. In fine weather, barbecues 
were common, when whole oxen and pigs 
were roasted, and contests in fiddling, 
wrestling, and dancing were held. The 
people were also fond of horse races. The 
fox hunt also had its da v. 



219 

In New England the people made a holiday 
of their militia muster, fighting sham bat- 
tles, and playing rough games. Wrestling 
and shooting matches were common at hol- 
idays and blind man's buff at parties. In 
all the colonies there was much hunting 
and fishing. Coasting on the snow, skating 
and sleighing were first introduced by the 
Dutch settlers of New York. 

Set 43. 

1. The New England colonies prized education next 
to their religion. The Southern colonies found 
great difficulty in establishing schools. 

New England Colonies. — 1636 marked the building 
of the seminary at Cambridge, afterwards 
Harvard College. 

1647, required every town to have a free school; 
if one hundred families resided in the town, 
a grammar school was required. Each family 
helped to support for a time the seminary of 
Cambridge by giving a peck of corn, or a shill- 
ing in cash for its support. 

1700 marked the founding of Yale College, first 
at Saybrook, then later at New Haven. 

Southern Colonies. — 1692 marked the establish- 
ment of the second oldest college in the colo- 
nies, "William and Mary." 

1696, free schools were established in Maryland. 

1712, free schools were established in Charleston. 

The English Governors bitterly opposed the prog- 
ress of education in the Southern colonies. 



220 

2. (a) By means of indirect taxes ; duty on imported 

goods; excise, or tax on the manufacture 
and sale of commodities, especially alco- 
holic liquors and tobacco; postal revenue; 
seigniorage, a profit in making silver and 
minor coins ; income tax since the passage 
of the Sixteenth Amendment in February, 
1913. 

(b) Since Philadelphia has a custom house, a 

post office, and a mint, the above are also 
the means by which the Federal Govern- 
ment raises money in that city. 

(c) Coining of money, mail service, post offices, 

roads, courts and court officials, revenue 
offices and service, pensions, arsenal and 
armory, are some of the purposes for 
which the United States Government 
spends money in Philadelphia. 

3. (a) Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 

Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mis- 
sissippi, Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee. 

(b) See Set 27, No. 7 (b). 

(c) See Set 18, No. 4(b). 

4. (a) Charter. — A contract between two persons, 

designating the transferring of some ob- 
ject, such as real estate, etc., from the old 
proprietor to the new. 
(b) Impeachment. — Bringing an accusation 
against high officials of the government on 
account of improper administration of the 
duties of office. 



221 



(c) Arhilration. — The settlement of cases of dis- 

pute by disinterested parties. Somtimes 
there is only one arbitrator, as in the 
Northwest boundary dispute, when Em- 
peror William decided the question in dis- 
pute ; sometimes there are more, as in the 
case of the Alabama Claims there were five. 

(d) Copyright. — A copyright is the sole right to 

print and sell a book or map. It is ob- 
tained by the author from the Government 
at Washington, by sending to the Libra- 
rian of Congress two copies of the book 
or m^p as soon as it is printed. Such a 
right is good for twenty-eight years, and 
can be renewed for a further term of 
twenty-eight years. 

(e) Reciprocity. — An agreement between two 

countries conferring equal privileges as 
regards the admission of imports. 

5. See Set 19, No. 4. 

6. See Set 6, No. 6, second and third processes. 

Set 44. 

1. The State that first attempted to withdraw from 

the Union was South Carolina. It was on De- 
cember 20, 1860. 

2. McClellan was appointed major-general, and en- 

trusted with the command in West Virginia, 
at the beginning of the Civil War. He broke 
up Garnett's army, and was summoned to 
Washington after the Bull Run catastrophe. 



222 

In August, 1861, Congress voted to enlist 
five hundred thousand men, and General Mc- 
Clellan, hero of the brilliant campaign in west- 
ern Virginia, was appointed to the command 
of the Army of the Potomac, and soon after, 
upon General Scott's retirement in November, 
he became general-in-chief of all the Federal 
armies. McClellan's services in organizing the 
army were invaluable. 

3. See Set 24, No. 5. 

4. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a proclam- 

ation announcing that if the seceded States did 
not return to the Union before January 1, 1863, 
"all persons held as slaves within any State, 
the people whereof shall then be in rebellion 
against the United States, shall be then, hence- 
forth, and forever free." It declared all slaves 
in all territory held by the Confederates to be 
free, but did not go into effect until January 
1, 1863. 

5. On August 5, 1861, Farragut, with his fleet of 

four monitors and twenty-one wooden ships, at- 
tacked the Confederate forts and war ships in 
Mobile Bay. He compelled the forts to sur- 
render and destroyed the war ships. This 
closed the last Southern seaport. 

6. See Set 5. No. 10. 

7. See Set 4, No. 4. 

8. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 



223 

Set 45. 

1. (a) During the Mexican War, David Wilmot, a 

Democrat from Pennsylvania, proposed a 
plan, called the Wilmot Proviso. Its end 
was to exclude slavery from all the terri- 
tory to be acquired from Mexico. As 
Mexico had abolished slavery in 1827, Wil- 
mot wished to prevent the re-introduction 
of slavery into the area that Mexico might 
cede to us. The plan led to bitter debates 
on the slavery question. The North favored 
the plan, but the South strongly opposed it. 

(b) See Set 44, No. 4. 

(c) See Set 19, No. 6 (b). 

2. Vicksburg and Port Hudson alone prevented Fed- 

eral control of the Mississippi. Between these 
points the Red River entered the Mississippi, 
and through it the great States of Louisiana, 
Texas and Arkansas poured supplies into the 
Confederacy. Grant had determined to open 
the IMississippi, but Vicksburg was heavily 
fortified on a bluff two hundred and fifty feet 
above the river and was deemed impregnable. 
General Pemberton commanded the forces in 
defense of the town. Grant dropped down on 
the west side of the river and recrossed below 
Vicksburg. At Port Gibson he defeated the 
Southern forces (May 1st), and then hastened 
to head off Johnston, who was marching to the 
aid of Vicksburg. The armies met at Jackson, 
Mississippi, and Johnston was defeated (May 
14th). Pemberton 's forces were now besieged 



224 

in Vieksburg. For seven weeks the besiegers 
shelled the doomed city. Cut off from food and 
ammunition, Pemberton at last surrendered, 
July 4th. No less than thirty-seven thousand 
men and one hundred and seventy-two cannon 
Avere delivered up. Port Hudson was now 
hopeless and surrendered four days later. The 
Union forces now controlled the entire Mis- 
sissippi River; and Texas, Louisiana, and 
Arkansas were virtually cut off from the Con- 
federacy. 
3. (a) Till Brush invented his arc light and dynamo 
(a means by w^iich water power or steam 
power is transformed into electricity and 
then, after being carried to a distance by 
wire or stored up in storage batteries, it 
is changed back into motive power with 
very little loss. In this way, for instance, 
part of the vast power of Niagara Falls 
is used in Buffalo and other cities), the 
sole practical use made of electricity was 
in the field of telegraphy. Then came, in 
rapid succession, the many forms of elec- 
tric lights and electric motors ; the elec- 
tric railway; the searchlight; photog- 
raphy by electric light ; the welding of 
metals by electricity; the phonograph; 
the telephone, and the passenger elevator, 
(b) Electric railway, because it is a means of 
transportation, hence a help to commerce. 
Electric telegraph, because it has so nearly 
overcome the element of time in carrying 
messages. 



225 

4. Cause. 

(a) Real. Spanish oppression in Cuba. 

(b) Immediate. The blowing up of the Maine. 
Result. 

(a) The Treaty of Paris. 

1. Spain gave np all title to Cuba. 

2. Spain ceded Porto Rico, Guam and 

the Philippines to the United States. 

3. The United States gave Spain $20.- 

000,000. 

(b) The direct cost of the war to the United 

States was about $130,000,000. 

(c) Soldiers killed, four hundred and thirty. 

A large number died of disease. 

(d) The United States has become the guardian 

of Cuba. 

(e) An increase in our navy and standing 

army. 

(f) The war in the Philippines. 

(g) The question of territorial expansion in 

our politics. 

5. (a) Louisiana, 1803. 

Florida, 1819. 

The Gadsden Purchase, 1853. 
Alaska, 1867. 

The Panama Canal Zone, 1904. 
(b) The Mexican Cession, 1848. 

Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, after 
the Spanish-American War, 1898. 

6. (a) John Greenleaf Whittier w^as born December 

17, 1807, near Haverhill, Massachusetts. 
His father was a farmer in humble cir- 



226 



cumstanceSj and the youthful Whittier had 
small advantages in the matter of educa- 
tion. He studied in the public schools 
and spent two years in attendance at an 
academy in Haverhill. He was educated, 
as he himself wrote, by the hills and 
streams, the woods and vales of the beau- 
tiful country. 

For a while he tried school teaching, but gave 
it up as he discovered his literary calling. 
He contributed a few poems to several 
local newspapers, and they were so well 
received that he came to be regarded as 
a young author of brilliant promise. A 
critic wrote of him: ''The climax of 
"Whittier 's fame will be a proud period in 
the histor}^ of our literature." 

For many years he took an active part in 
the antislaver}^ movement, which Avas then 
paving the way for the Civil War. As a 
conseciuence, many of his poems received 
their inspirations from this source. His 
verse is poetry with a purpose. It was 
intended not merely to please as a work 
of art, but to reform, to uplift, to purify. 
He battled against sin and wrong-doing, 
whether they took the form of slavery or 
tyrann}^ To those engaged in such war- 
fare, his verse brought renewed courage 
and strength. All loved the good Quaker 
poet. He died in 1892. 



(b) ''The Barefoot Boy. 



227 

(c) From ''The Barefoot Boy." 

"I was rich in flowers and trees, 
Humming birds and honey bees ; 
For my sport the squirrel played, 
Plied the snouted mole his spade. ' ' 

Set 46. 

1. The Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, had united in a 
strong confederacy many of the tribes and had 
ravaged the frontiers. British agents were be- 
lieved to have stirred up the red men and to 
have helped them. Harrison was sent against 
them. The Indians attempted to overwhelm 
him by a night attack, but he defeated them, 
November 7, 1811, with great slaughter, at 
Tippecanoe, in western Indiana. Tecumseh 
fled to the English army. 
General Harrison, in charge of the western di- 
vision of the army, move^i northward towards 
Detroit. Soon after, meeting the combined 
Indian and British forces, under Tecumseh and 
Proctor, on the Raisin River, January, 1813, 
a part of his forces under Winchester was de- 
feated. The British general. Proctor, did not 
adequately protect the American prisoners 
from the Indians, and some thirty of them were 
massacred. , 

The Creek Indians in the South now went on the 
warpath. They had been aroused by Tecum- 
seh and supplied with arms by British agents. 
Fort ]\Iimms, forty miles from Mobile, was at- 
tacked and all its occupants, five hundred men, 



228 



women and children, massacred. With troops 
from Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee, Gen- 
eral Andrew Jackson marched against them. 
He attacked (March 27, 1814) the Indians at 
Horseshoe Bend, or Tohopeka, on a branch of 
the Alabama River. The Indians were com- 
pletely defeated and their power broken. 
Many fled into Spanish territory, and the 
United States took possession of their lands. 
General Harrison took advantage of Perry's vic- 
tory to invade Canada. On the banks of the 
Thames (October 5, 1813) he routed the Eng- 
lish forces under Proctor and Tecumseh. The 
latter was killed, and Proctor escaped by flight. 
By these victories of Perry and Harrison we 
controlled Lake Erie, Michigan, and upper 
Canada. Ohio was freed from the danger of 
invasion, and the Indian confederacy was de- 
stroyed. 
2. Township Trustee. — The legislative power of the 
township is vested in the trustees. Their term 
of office varies in different States, from one to 
three years. They are the legal guardians of 
the public interests of the township, and make 
laws and ordinances, expressly pertaining to 
the local wants of the community, and to a 
limited extent may levy taxes. 
In some States, especially those of the East, the 
principal duties of the trustees are executive. 
They divide the township into road districts; 
open roads on petition ; select jurors ; build 
and repair bridges and to^\Ti halls, where the 
expenditure is small; act as judges of elec- 



229 



lions ; purchase and care for cemeteries ; have 
charge of the poor not in the count}^ charge; 
and act for the township in its corporate ca- 
pacity. 

The County Commissioners have charge of the 
county property, such as the court house, jail, 
and the county infirmary; build bridges, levy 
taxes for county purposes, equalize assessments, 
etc. Their term of office varies in different 
parts of the Union, being usually two, three, or 
four years. 

General Assemhhj. — The chief duty of the General 
Assembly, or, as it is popularly called, the 
Legislature, is to make laws for the State. The 
term of office varies. The legislative power of 
Pennsylvania is vested in a General Assembly 
which consists of a Senate and a House of Rep- 
resentatives. The Senators are elected for a 
term of four j^ears, and the Representatives 
for a term of two years. 

Duties. — Bills for raising revenue originate in the 
House of Representatives, but the Senate may 
propose amendments as on other bills. 

It is very much restricted in its passage of local 
or special laws. It may make appropriations 
of money to institutions wherein the widows of 
soldiers are supported, or the orphans of sol- 
diers are maintained and educated. 

The General Assembly shall prescribe by law the 
number, duties and compensation of the of- 
ficers and employees of each House. 

When it is convened in special session, it may not 
legislate upon any subjects other than those 



230 



designated in the proclamation of the Governor 
calling such session. 

Note. — This has reference to Pennsylvania. In 

New York the lower House is called the Assembly; in 

New Jersey, the General Assembly. 

3. Louisiana was purchased in 1803, for $15,000,000, 

from France. 

Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845. 

In 1846, the Oregon territory was acquired by 
treaty with Great Britain. 

The Mexican Cession, California and New Mexico 
was ceded to the United States in 1848, after 
the Mexican War. 

In 1853 the southern portions of Arizona and 
New Mexico were purchased from Mexico, as 
the Gadsden Purchase, for $10,000,000. 

In 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia, for 
$7,200,000. 

These acquisitions have caused emigration west- 
ward, thus peopling the whole country from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific. The vast mineral 
resources of the West have been brought to 
the East. There has been an increase in com- 
merce by the interchange of commodities be- 
tween the East and the West. It has opened 
up an easy means of communication with Asia 
and the countries of the Eastern Hemisphere, 
and thus commerce between those countries and 
our OAvn has been increased. 

4. The Battle of Long Island was fought August 27, 

1776. The Americans w^re defeated with 
heavy loss, General Sullivan being taken pris- 
oner. The British endeavored to hem in the 



231 



Americans by laud aud sea, but a heavy fog 
having fallen during the night afforded Wash- 
ington the opportunity to remove his troops. 

White Plains and Fort Washington.— Washington 
had taken position at Harlem Heights, where 
Howe attacked him, September 16, 1776, but 
was repulsed. Howe then moved into Winches- 
ter, and again attacked the Americans at White 
Plains, gaining a slight victory, October 28, 
1776. 

Washington advised the abandonment of Fort 
Washington, but General Greene, then in com- 
mand, believed he could hold it successfully. 
On November 16, 1776, the British attacked 
and took it, after a heroic resistance on the 
part of the patriots. 

5. See Set 19, No. 4. 

New Mexico, the forty-seventh State, was admitted 

January 6, 1912. 
Arizona, the forty-eighth State, was admitted 

February 19, 1912. 

6. The years preceding 1837 had been years of ex- 

traordinary speculation, carried on with a most 
unsound banking system. Jackson gave the 
final impetus to the panic by his "specie cir- 
cular," which struck a great blow at credit, 
and forced many banks to suspend specie pay- 
ments. As everybody wanted money, it fol- 
lowed that houses, lands, property of every 
sort, was offered for sale at ridiculously low 
prices. But there were no buyers. In New 
York the distress was so great that bread riots 
occurred. The merchants, unable to pay their 



232 

debts, began to fail, and to make matters worse 
the banks all over the country suspended 
specie payment; that is, refused to give gold 
and silver in exchange for their paper bills. 
As a consequence of this state of affairs, a wide- 
spread crisis ensued; banks suspended ever}^- 
where; mills and factories were closed, and 
tens of thousands of workingmen were thrown 
out of employment. 

7. The Treaty of Versailles, signed at Paris, Septem- 

ber 3, 1783. By this treaty the United States 
embraced the country between the Atlantic and 
the Mississippi. 

An important treaty was made in 1795 with Spain. 
The Mississippi was thereby opened to trade, 
and we were allowed to use New Orleans as a 
port of deposit for three years. The thirty- 
first parallel of latitude was also accepted as 
the southern boundary line of our country. 
The same year another treaty was signed with 
Algiers. To release the American seamen held 
as captives by these pirates, $80,000 was paid 
and an annual tribute of $23,000 was promised 
to Algiers for the protection of American ship- 
ping. This opened the Mediterranean com- 
merce to American vessels. 

The Treaty of Yersaille, or Paris, had the most 
far-reaching effect, because by it the absolute 
independence of the United States was recog- 
nized. 

8. Marcus Whitman. — Marcus Whitman was sent to 

Oregon as a missionary physician, and reported 



^33 



to the United States Government the value of 
the then disputed territory. His colonization 
efforts did much to secure that region for the 
United States. 

Commodore Decatur. — Commodore Decatur began 
service in the United State navy in 1798, and 
in 1803 commanded the Argus, and later the 
Enterprise. He distinguished himself by de- 
stroying the Philadelphia, which had fallen 
into the possession of Tripoli. In 1812 he cap- 
tured the British ship Macedonian. In 1815, 
with ten vessels, he humbled the Barbary 
powers, and concluded a treaty by which tribute 
was abolished and prisoners and property were 
restored. He was one of the navy commis- 
sioners from 1816 to 1820. 

James Russell Lowell. — Lowell is noted as a great 
prose artist, as essayist and critic. Aside from 
his Avork as editor of the ''Atlantic" and of 
the "North American Review," his political 
activity is to be noted. His "Biglow Papers" 
helped powerfully the antislavery cause. Low- 
ell won general esteem as United States Minis- 
ter to Spain and to England. 

Captain John Mason. — In 1637, a company of 
ninety men from Connecticut under Captain 
John Mason, and twenty from Massachusetts, 
with seventy friendly Mohicans, marched to 
the fort of the Pequots and surrounded it be- 
fore daybreak. The fort was burned, and of 
the four hundred Pequots, only five escaped. 
This defeat destroyed the power of the Pequots 
forever. 



234 



In 1622, Sir Ferdiuando Gorges and Captain John 
Mason obtained from the Grand Council of 
Plymouth a grant of land between the Merri- 
mac and the Kennebec, and extending from the 
Atlantic to the great river of Canada. 

Roger B. Taney. — Having graduated at Dickin- 
son College, Eoger B. Taney became a member 
of the Maryland Legislature. As a lawyer and 
politician, he became Attorney-General in 1831, 
and Secretary of the Treasury in 1833. In 
1835 he Avas nominated as Chief Justice of the 
United States Supreme Court. In his long 
service, until death, various important ques- 
tions were decided, the chief one being the 
Dred Scott decision. He w^as distinguished by 
his accurate knowledge of law, clearness of 
thought, and absolute purity of life. 

Set 47. 

1. Washington's cabinet consisted of Thomas Jef- 
ferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamil- 
ton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, 
Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph, 
Attorney-General. 
There are ten members in President Taft's cab- 
inet, 
(a) Secretary of State, who has charge of the 
State Department, which deals with for- 
eign matters. It instructs the ambassa- 
dors, ministers, and consuls. All commis- 
sions for office are issued by this depart- 
ment. It preserves all bills which have 



235 

become laws. It grants passports, insuring 
safety, to citizens who desire to travel 
abroad. 
(b) Secretary of Treasury, w^ho has charge of the 
Treasury Department, which takes care of 
all moneys. It receives money from taxes, 
and pays out money in accordance with the 
appropriations made by Congress. It 
conducts the collection of duties and cus- 
toms by means of agents throughout the 
country. The mints are under the control 
of this department, as are also the fol- 
lowing : 

1. Life Saving Service. 

2. Lighthouses. 

3. Coast Survey. 

(c) Secretary of War, who has charge of the De- 

partment of War, which has general 
charge of the arming and organizing of 
the army and the appointment of officers, 
and of the Military Academy at West 
Point. It has charge and care of the 
national cemeteries. 

(d) Attorney-General^ who gives advice to the 

government on legal questions. He de- 
fends the United States when any question 
involving it is concerned. 

(e) Secretary of Navy, who has charge of the 

Navy Department, which has general 
charge of the na\T. The Naval Academy 
at Annapolis is under its care. It has 
general charge of navy yards, arsenals, and 
forts, and under its supervision warships 



236 



are constructed. It also issues maps and 
charts relating to navigation. 

(f) Postmaster-General, who has charge of the 

Post office Department, which has charge 
of establishing postoffices, superintends the 
working of the department, and makes 
contracts for carrj^ing the mail. 

(g) Secretary of Interior, who has charge of the 

Department of the Interior, which has 
charge of the public lands, Territories, 
Indian affairs, pensions, patents, copy- 
rights, and the taking of the census. 

(h) Secretary of Agriculture, who has charge of 
the Department of Agriculture, which en- 
deavors to improve the agricultural inter- 
ests of the country. It also purchases and 
distributes seeds of various kinds. It also 
publishes new and improved methods of 
agriculture. Experimental stations are 
located in various States. Here experi- 
ments with plants are made, with the ob- 
ject of obtaining better products. Any 
improved methods being discovered, the re- 
sults are printed and sent free of charge 
to farmers. 

(i) Secretary of Commerce, who has charge of 
the Department of Commerce, which fos- 
ters, promotes and develops the foreign 
and domestic commerce, the mining, man- 
ufacturing, shipping, and fishing indus- 
tries, and the transportation facilities of 
the United States. 



237 



(j) Sccretarij of Labor. — In 191 o a new depart- 
ment was created (Department of Labor), 
distinct from the Department of Com- 
merce. The work of this Department of 
Labor includes the collection of statistics 
to show the rates of wages, the hours of 
employment, etc. It deals with strikes, 
arbitration, conciliation, employment, and 
all labor interests. 
Three great enterprises of John Quincy Adams' 
administration which aided trade and travel 
between the East and the West were the con- 
struction of the Erie Canal, the building of 
the first passenger raihvay in America, and the 
subjection of Tecumseh and the Creek Indians, 
thus opening up a vast tract of land for set- 
tlement. 
When the Jay Treaty was made with England, 
France was so indignant that she recalled her 
Minister from the United States and sent home 
the United States Minister at the French court. 
President Adams, thinking this country was 
too weak to engage in w^ar, sent three peace 
envoys to France, John Marshall, Charles 
Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry, to settle the 
difficulty. When France declared that the 
only means of settling matters w^as the pay- 
ment of a large sum to the Directors and the 
loan of large amounts to France, Pinckney re- 
plied, indignantly, "Millions for defense, but 
not one cent for tribute." 
The chief cause of the Avar of 1812 was the im- 
pressment of our seamen and the violation of 



238 

our rights of coiiunerce as neutrals by Great 
Britain. The results were: 

(a) The assurance of freedom of commerce 

to the United States. 

(b) Recognition of the United States by 

European po^zers as a leading nation. 

(c) The abandomneut by England of search 

and impressment. 

(d) The development of manufactures. 

(e) The United States was rendered more 

self-reliant. 
1789 — Washington 's inauguration. 

The beginning of our government under 

the Constitution. 
The formation of the Cabinet. 
The passage of the first ten amendments 
(Bill of Rights). 
1803 — The purchase of Louisiana. 
1809 — The Non-Intercourse Act. 
1825 — The opening of the Erie Canal. 
1837 — Great business crisis. 
1845 — Annexation of Texas. 

Discovery of Ether. 
1848 — Peace treaty with Mexico signed (Feb- 
ruary 2d). 
Discovery of gold in California. 
By a blockade is meant a fleet of war vessels 
guarding the port of an enemy to prevent pas- 
sage of vessels. 
The effect of the blockade produced on the South 
during the Civil War was that it prevented 
the export of cotton, and thereby reduced the 
revenues of the South ; it rendered difficult the 



239 



purchase of arms and munitions of war — a 
vital blow, as the South had few gun factories 
or machine shops. 

7. Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. 

Battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac, 
March 9, 1862. 

Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. 

Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. 

Battle of Chattanooga, November 24-25, 1863. 

Battles of the Wilderness, May 5-9, 1864. 

Three Union military leaders were Generals 
Grant, Meade, and Sheridan. Two Confederate 
leaders were Generals Lee and Johnston. 

8. Three causes of the Civil War were the questions 

of States' rights and of tariff, the slavery 
question, and the right of secession. 
Two important questions settled by this war were 
that slavery was forever abolished, and that 
no State can now leave the Union. 

9. Squatter Sovereignty was the term applied to the 

plan which was formed to allow the settlers 
to decide for themselves whether or not their 
territory would be free or slave. Lewis Cass, 
of Michigan, was the author of this idea. 

Missoun Compromise. — In 1820, through the in- 
fluence of Henry Clay, an act known as the 
Missouri Compromise was passed. This ad- 
mitted Missouri as a slave State and declared 
the territory within the Louisiana Purchase 
north of 36° 30' to be forever free. 

Monroe Doctrine. — The Monroe Doctrine was pro- 
mulgated to prevent European countries from 
acquiring new territory on the American Con- 



240 

tiueut. It was proclaimed when Spain was 
trying to secure the assistance of the Holy Al- 
liance (Prussia, Russia and Austria) to regain 
her lost American States. 
Fugitive Slave Law. — In the famous Omnibus biU, 
or the Compromise of 1850, a clause was in- 
serted in regard to the fugitive slave question. 
This clause refused to allow a runaway slave 
to appear in his own defense in court, and re- 
quired people of the North to assist the United 
States Marshal, if called upon, in hunting 
runaway slaves. The people of the North re- 
belled against such injustice to the negro, and 
many States passed measures granting trial by 
jury to these negroes. These measures were 
called Personal Liberty bills. 

10. Powers of Congress. 

(a) To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 

and excises, to pay the debts and provide 
for the common defense and general 
welfare of the United States; but all 
duties, imposts, and excise shall be uni- 
form throughout the United States. 

(b) To borrow money on the credit of the 

United States. 

(c) To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 

and of foreign coin, and to fix the stand- 
ard of weights and measures. 

(d) To provide for the punishment of counter- 

feiting of securities and current coin of 
the United States. 

(e) To establish postoffiees and post-roads. 



2-11 



Powers of the President. — He shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for offenses 
against the United States, except in cases of 
impeachment. He shall have power, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Sen- 
ators present concur; and he shall nominate, 
and by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other pub- 
lie Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the 
United States whose appointments are not 
herein otherwise provided for, and which shall 
be established by law. 

The President shall have power to fill up all va- 
cancies that may happen during the recess of 
the Senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Powers of the Senate. — The Senate shall choose 
their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, 
or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all 
impeachments. 

If no candidate for the Vice-Presidency receives 
a majority of votes, then from the tw^o highest 
numbers on the list the Senate shall choose 
the Vice-President. 

Powers of the House of Representatives. — The 
House of Representatives shall choose their 
Speaker and other officers, and shall have the 
sole power of impeachment. All bills for rais- 



242 



ing revenue shall originate in the House of 
Eepresentatives. 
If no candidate for the Pl^esidency receives a ma- 
jority of votes, then from the persons having 
the highest numbers, not exceeding three on 
the list of those voted for as President, the 
House of Eepresentatives shall choose imme- 
diately, by ballot, the President. 

Set 48. 

1. (a) The Mound Builders were a race of people, 
apparently Indians, who inhabited North 
America, previous to the Indians Colum- 
bus met when he discovered America. 
The}^ were called IMound Builders, because 
they built extensive mounds of earth con- 
taining their treasures, such as earthen- 
ware, religious structures, skeletons, etc. 
Many mounds were of regular outline, as- 
suming the form of various geometrical 
figures; others, in the form of men and 
animals. They are found in Ohio, ]\Iis- 
souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and West Vir- 
ginia. 
The Indians were the people that inhabited 
North and South America when Colmnbus 
discovered that continent. He, thinking 
he had found India, called the inhabitants 
Indians, 
(b) Food. — Fish and game; maize or Indian 
corn, herbs and roots, beans, squashes, 
pumpkins, tobacco. 



243 



Clothing. — In suninier, scanty. In winter, 
clothing was made from skins of fur-bear- 
ing animals, and the hides of buffalo and 
deer. Moccasins for their feet. 

Shelter. — Wigwams rudely constructed by 
driving poles into the ground in circular 
form, drawing their tops near together, 
and then covering them with bark or skins. 
These wigwams had an upper opening by 
which the smoke might escape. Many 
families lived in one wigwam. 

The Indians who once lived in New York and 
in the valley of the St. LaAvrence, lived in 
long houses, but the Missouri Indians had 
round houses built of the same materials. 
In the round houses the fireplace was in 
the middle, and families lived in rooms 
shaped like cuts of a pie. Many of these 
round houses were built close together, and 
then surrounded by a palisade made of 
tree trunks. These were driven into the 
ground so close together that they formed 
a very strong fence. 

The long houses were generally very long and 
rather narrow, with a door at either end, 
and a. passageway running through the 
center. On either side of this hall there 
were little rooms, each occupied by a fam- 
ily. At intervals along the passage the 
ground was hollowed out, and a clay or 
earthen fireplace was built, where four 
families cooked their meals. Above the 
fireplace there was a. hole in the roof to 



244 



serve as chimney. The rooms near the 
doors were generally used as storerooms 
for food and fuel. When several of these 
long houses were built together, they were 
often surrounded by a Avooden wall, or 
palisade, to keep out the wild beasts and 
to serve as protection in time of war. 

Crops. — Beans, squashes, pumpkins, tobacco, 
maize. 

Occupation. — War, chief occupation; next, 
hunting and fishing. The women did all 
the work in the fields. 

Characteristics. — Copper-colored skin; high 
cheek bones; small black eyes and long, 
straight hair, jet black; faces, beardless. 
Swift of foot, quick-witted, keen-sighted, 
most patient of hunger, fatigue, and cold. 
He had no idea of providing for the future. 
In time of plenty he gorged himself; in 
time of famine he starved. While he was 
capable of the greatest endurance, he was 
by nature indolent and shiftless. They 
were very skillful hunters; they knew the 
habits of every animal and bird in the 
forest, of every fish in the river ; they 
could follow a trail with amazing skill ; 
they bore physical pain with marvelous 
bravery ; their self-control was wonderful ; 
under the most horrible torture no cry es- 
caped from the lips of the Indian ; on the 
contrary, he generally sneered at his tor- 
turers. 
2. See Set 42, No. 1 (a and b). 



245 



3. See Set 39, No.. 8 (b),-also Set 62, No. 12. 

4. In 1617, the Dutch built a trading post at Bergen, 

New Jersey, on the west bank of the Hudson. 
In 1664, a company from Long Island and New 
England settled in Elizabethtown. This was 
the first permanent English settlement in the 
State. 

5. See Set 39, No. 10 (cause). 

Place. — It was fought in North America. Several 
battles were fought around the Great Lakes, 
New York, Pennsylvania, Montreal, Quebec, 
Charleston, S. C, and the New England States. 

Results.— ^ee Set 39, No. 10. 

6. Food. — Vegetables, meats and breadstuffs. 
Clothing. — Women, plain gray dress, gray bonnet, 

w^iite apron, white kerchief over the shoulders. 
Men, knee breeches, silk stockings, buckle 
shoes, long-tailed coat, large rimmed hats with 
high crown. 

Shelter. — Homes like ordinarj^ Americans. Houses 
built of wood, birch and stone. 

Crops. — Corn, beans, sweet potatoes, etc. 

Occupations. — Tilling the soil, and spreading 
plenty around them. 

Characteristics. — Peaceable and thrifty ; excellent 
citizens. They had an aversion to war, and 
were constantly trying to establish peace and 
reform. They took part in the abolition move- 
ment. They believed in God, but had no form 
of worship. They had meeting places for wor- 
ship ; yet they waited the time when the spirit 
moved them. 



246 

7. It Avas necessary for -the people to establish the 

United States of America to form themselves 
into a united body against the mother country, 
that their interests might be in common, that 
they might decide as a nation what was best 
to be done during the war, and that they might 
be recognized as a nation by foreign powers. 

8. Independence was obtained by the Revolution'ary 

War between the American colonies and Eng- 
land. It was obtained by the American colonies 
from Great Britain. Independence was de- 
clared July 4, 1776, but the treaty of Paris, by 
Avhich the independence of the United States 
was acknowledged, was not signed till Septem- 
ber 3, 1783. 

9. See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 

10. Area. — In 1790 the area was 318,752 square miles. 
In 1913, it was 3,805,000 square miles. 

Products. — 1790: Vegetables, hay, corn, grain, 
hemp, flax, wheat, tobacco, rice, indigo. 

1913 : Wheat, grain, gold, lumber, cattle, cot- 
ton, oil, coal, iron, silver, tobacco, semi-tropical 
fruits, etc., in abundance, so as to provide for 
exports. 

Manufactures. — 1790: Glass, home-spun cotton 
goods and linen, shipbuilding, carpet weaving, 
broom making, flour. 

1913: Iron and steel goods, machinery and 
engines, preserved meats, lumber products, tex- 
tile goods, clothing, flour and meal, paper, 
books and newspapers, leather and leather 
goods, cars and wagons, automobiles. 



24< 



Means and Method of Transportation.— 1190: 
Stage coach and horseback, for traveling and 
conveying goods. Sailboats on ocean, small 
boats for fishing along the shores. 

1913: Railroad travel, freight by rail and 
canals and rivers, street cars, automobiles, 
bicycles, airships, etc. Ocean and river steam- 
ers of great capacity. All manner of means 
and methods of transportation. 

11. Descent of People.— 1190: The English race pre- 
dominated in all of the States ; there were per- 
haps two hundred thousand Scotch-Irish, 
chiefly along the frontier; a small but per- 
sistent Dutch element in New York ; some Ger- 
mans in Pennsylvania and the West; a small 
Huguenot element in South Carolina ; Indians ; 
free negroes and slaves. 

1913: Native-born Americans (whites), Eng- 
lish, Germans, Hungarians, Polish, Russians, 
Italians, Swedes, French, Slavonians, Dutch, 
Irish, Greeks, Scotch, Negroes, Indians. 
Occupations.— 1190 : Agriculture, shipbuilding, 
fishing and commerce, carpet weaving and 
broom making, and a little manufacturing. 

1913 : Manufacture, commerce, mining, spec- 
ulating, agriculture, lumbering, teaching, or- 
ganizing, settling, etc. 
3Iode of Living.— 1190: Mostly farm life; men 
went to the fields ; women performed household 
duties. Men provided for the homes; women 
spun and made all the clothes. Poor, perhaps, 
but peaceful and homelike and happy. Chil- 



248 



dren employed around their own homes. Boys 
often apprenticed to learn a trade. 

1913 : Men engaged in various kinds of labor, 
agriculture, building, stone quarrying, manu- 
facture of any kind, mining, etc., providing 
thus for their homes. Women, mothers govern 
the homes. Youths and maidens engaged in 
labor in factories, stores, mills, etc. Children 
attend schools. It is an age of hurry and a 
continual seeking for novelties. 

Set 49. 

1. The first permanent settlement made in America 

by the Spanish Avas in 1565, at St. Augustine, 
Florida. By the French, at Quebec, Quebec, in 
1608. By the Dutch, at New Amsterdam, now 
New York City, in 1623. By the Swedes, at 
Christiana, on the Delaware, near the present 
site of Wilmington, in 1638. By the English, 
at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 

2. (a) See Set 37, No. 2. 
(b) See Set 37, No. 2. 

3. (a) Burgoyne's surrender insured American In- 

dependence. 
(b) This victory was won at Saratoga, New York, 
October 17, 1777. Gates was the Ameri- 
can commander, and Burgoyne, the 
British. This battle is classed among the 
decisive battles of the world. 

4. (a) In the matter of population, the South was 

at a great disadvantage. There were in 
the free States, 19,000,000 of people, in all 



249 



the slave States, 12,000,000. As the slave 
States of Maryland, Kentucky and Mis- 
souri, with 3,000,000 of people, remained 
in the Union, the North had 22,000,000, 
while the seceding States, had only 9,000,- 
000 of inhabitants, and 3,000,000 of these 
were slaves. The North had a large popu- 
lation of free men, thus allowing it to con- 
tinue uninterrupted its manufactures, and 
to recruit constantly the armies in the 
field. In the South the negro slaves tilled 
the soil, while every white man went to 
the front. There was practically no re- 
serve force, and the losses in battle told 
heavily, as the places of men, killed and 
wounded, could never be filled. 

(b) The South suffered great disadvantages be- 
cause of its industrial condition. It had 
few manufactories or machine shops, few 
nsivy yards, and no seafaring population to 
draw from in manning any vessels that 
might be built. The coal and iron mines 
had been undeveloped, and almost every 
article of food or clothing was imported in 
exchange for cotton. Accustomed to the 
use of firearms, the inhabitants of the 
South were skilled marksmen. The North 
had numberless machine shops, foun- 
deries, gun factories, and shipyards, with 
a large supply of skilled machinists. Its 
merchant marine and fisheries had raised 
up a race of hardy sailors. It had numer- 



250 

ous railroads to move the troops easily 
from point to point. 
(c) The people of the South were enthusiasticalh 
united, because they felt they were fight- 
ing for their homes and against invasion. 
The North was waging a w^ar for the in- 
tegrity of its national life, although free- 
dom and slavery were the real causes be- 
hind the struggle. Each section under- 
estimated the patriotism, the endurance, 
the bravery, and the intelligence of the 
other. 

5. (a) The Emancipation Proclamation was issued 
by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 
1862. It was to go into effect on January 
1, 1863. 

(b) It included the slaves in the States that 

seceded from the Union. 

(c) Lincoln freed the slaves by virtue of his power 

as commander-in-chief of the army of the 
United States, and as a fit and necessary 
war measure. 

(d) The Fourteenth Amendment made the negro 

a citizen and the Fifteenth Amendment 

made him a voter. 
Note. — There are three things in connection -with the 
Emancipation Proclamation Avhich must be understood 
and remembered: 

1. Lincoln did not abolish slavery. He 
emancipated or set free the slaves of 
certain persons engaged in waging war 
a^tainst the Liiited States sjovernment. 



251 

2. The Einanoipatiou Proclamation did not 

apply to any of the loj^al slave States 
(Delaware, Maryland, AVest Virginia, 
Kentucky, and Missouri), nor to such 
territory as the Union army had re- 
conquered (Tennessee, thirteen par- 
ishes in Louisiana, and seven counties 
in Virginia). In none of these places 
did it free the slaves. 

3. Lincoln freed the slaves by virtue of his 

power as commander-in-chief of the 
army of the U'nited States, ^'and as a 
fit and necessary war measure. ' ' 
6. (a) The United States consists of forty-eight 
States, Alaska Territory and the Hawaiian 
Territory, and the following islands: 
Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, Tu- 
tuila, ]\Ianua and various small Islands in 
the mid-Pacific (Christmas, Baker, Mid- 
way, Wake and Howland). 
(b) State Government. — The government of each 
State is provided for in its Constitution, 
which is formed by delegates chosen by the 
people of the State. All State Constitu- 
tions provide for three departments: the 
Legislative, the Executive, and the Judi- 
cial. The chief executive officer is the 
governor. The organization of the State 
Legislature, the manner of passing laws, 
etc., are similar to the methods pursued in 
Congress. 
Eastern Possessions. — On July 4, 1901, the 
^Military Government in the Philippmes 



252 



was succeeded by a Civil Government in 
the pacified districts and by Act of Con- 
gress approved July 1, 1902, Civil rule was 
established throughout the Islands. The 
government was composed of a Civil 
Governor and seven Commissioners. By 
Act of Congress, approved May 11, 1908, 
the Commission was increased by the num- 
ber appointed by the President, making a 
Commission of nine, including the Gover- 
nor. There are thirty-nine provinces, each 
of which has a Governor, a Supreme Court 
and fourteen judicial districts. 
The new territorial government for Hawaii 
was inaugurated at Honolulu, June 14, 
1900. The Territory has a delegate elected 
biennially by the people to represent them 
in Congress. 

7 . (a) Counties of Massach usetts. — Barnstable, Berk- 

shire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, 
Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nan- 
tucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Wor- 
cester, 
(b) Fall River and Lowell are noted for the 
manufacture of cotton and woolen goods. 
Lynn is noted for boots and shoes. Hol- 
yoke for paper and textiles. Waltham for 
watches. 

8. (a) From Duluth, Minn, eastward across Lake 

Superior, through the ship canal, on Lake 
Huron, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, 
Detroit River, eastward across Lake Erie, 
eastward on the Erie Canal through New 



253 

York to the Hudson River, down the Hud- 
son, through the New York Bay, on At- 
lantic Ocean to Massachusetts Bay. (Could 
also go from Xcav York Bay to East River, 
Long Island Sound, Atlantic Ocean, Mas- 
sachusetts Bay.) 

(b) The water route from Philadelphia to San 
Francisco may be shortened by the open- 
ing of the Panama Canal. 

(a and b) See Map No. 10. 

Set 50. 

The Colonial Governments may properly be 
divided into three classes: Provincial, Pro- 
prietary, and Charter. 

New York had a Provincial Government ; Rhode 
Island, Massachusetts, Charter Governments; 
Pennsylvania, Proprietary Government; Vir- 
ginia, Provincial Government. 

No. 

The people of Massachusetts Bay, while in 
England, were Puritans, but not Separatists. 
Having come to America to establish a Puritan 
Church, they were imwilling to receive persons 
holding opinions differing from their own, lest 
their purpose should be defeated. They ac- 
cordingly sent back to England those who per- 
sisted in using the forms of the Established 
Church, and allow^ed only members of their 
own church to vote in civil affairs. They 
banished Roger Williams and Anne Hutchin- 
son for differing from them in their religious 



254 



belief and executed four Quakers for their 
peculiar religious views. 
Maryland can claim the honor. In 1649 the 
Assembly of Maryland passed the celebrated 
Toleration Act, which secured to all Christians 
liberty to worship God according to the dictates 
of their own conscience. 

3. The Colonists w^ere benefited, (a) It united the 

Colonists and inspired them with new strength ; 
(b) it trained thousands of resolute men in the 
use of arms, taught them to face an enemy, and 
thus prepared them for the War of Indepen- 
dence not many years distant; (c) it removed 
all danger of attack by the French and made 
the Colonists feel less need of British protec- 
tion. 

France lost Canada and in fact all her possessions 
in America, except the two little barren islands, 
Miquelon and St. Pierre, off the coast of south- 
ern Newfoundland which England permitted 
her to keep to dry fish on. To Spain, the ally 
of France, France secretly transferred New 
Orleans with the Louisiana Territory west of 
the Mississippi. 

England obtained Canada from France, and 
Florida from Spain who had fought on the side 
of France against England. 

4. Five of the oppressive acts were : Taxation with- 

out representation, Navigation Acts, Writs of 
Assistance, Stamp Act, Mutiny Act. 

5. Warren was a patriot leader in Massachusetts and 

was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. 



255 



Stark won the victory of Bennington, August 16, 
1777. 

Barry was an American naval commander, dis- 
tinguished in the Revolutionary War. He con- 
veyed Lafayette to France in 1781. 

Sullivan was an American general who served at 
Brandywine and Germantown. 

Lafayette was a celebrated French general who 
entered the Revolutionary army as a volunteer, 
with the rank of major-general. 

Marion was an American Revolutionary general, 
distinguished as a partisan leader in South 
Carolina. He served at Eutaw Springs in 1781. 

Allen was colonel of the ''Green Mountain Boys.'' 
He captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British 
in 1775. 

Paul Jones was a Scottish-American naval adven- 
turer who won the great naval battle between 
the Serapis and his vessel, the Bonhomme 
Richard. 

Robert Morris was an American financier and es- 
tablished the Bank of North America in 1781. 

Charles Carroll of "Carrollton" w^as an American 
patriot, and a signer of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

The final battle of the Revolution was fought in 
1781, at Yorktown. 

The treaty of peace was signed September 3, 1783. 

By the treaty of 1783 the boundaries of the United 
States were declared to be about what is the 
present northern boundary from the mouth of 
the St. Croix River in Maine to the Lake of 
the Woods, and then due west to the Mississippi 



256 



(which was, of course, an impossible line, for 
that river does not rise in Canada) ; then down 
the Mississippi to 31 degrees north latitude; 
then eastward along that parallel of latitude to 
the Apalachicola River, and then by what is 
the present north boundary of Florida to the 
Atlantic. 

7. In his reply to the Address of the Roman Catholics 

after the Revolution, Washington expressed 
himself as follows : 
''I hope ever to see America among the foremost 
nations in examples of justice and liberality; 
and I presume that your fellow-citizens will not 
forget the patriotic part which you took in the 
accomplishment of their Revolution, and the 
establishment of their government, or the im- 
portant assistance they received from a nation, 
in which the Roman Catholic Faith is pro- 
fessed." . . . ''May the members of your 
Society in America, animated alone by the pure 
spirit of Christianity, and still conducting 
themselves as the faithful subjects of our free 
Government, enjoy every temporal and spir- 
itual felicity." — George Washington. 

8. See above No. 6. 

In 1803 the French Cession, Louisiana, was 

added. 
In 1819 the Spanish Cessation, Florida, was 

added. 
In 1845 Texas was annexed. 
In 1848 the Mexican Cession was added. 
In 1853 the Gadsden Purchase was added. 



251 



9. In 1793 the cotton-gin was invented by Eli 

Whitney. 
In 1807 the steamboat was invented by Fulton. 
In 1833 a reaping machine was invented by 

McCormick. 

In 1837 the electric telegraph was invented by 
Professor Morse. 

The cotton plant has pods which when ripe split 
open and show a white woolly substance at- 
tached to seeds. Before the cotton could be 
used, these seeds must be picked out, and as 
the labor of cleaning was very great, only a 
small quantity could be sent to market. It 
happened that a young man from Massachu- 
setts, named Eli Whitney, was then living in 
Georgia, and he, seeing the need of a machine 
to clean cotton, invented the cotton-gin. Till 
then, a negro slave could not clean two pounds 
of cotton in a day. With the gin the same 
slave in the same time could remove the seeds 
from a hundred pounds. This gave to the 
United States another staple even greater in 
value than tobacco. In 1792 one hundred and 
ninety-two thousand pounds of cotton were ex- 
ported to Europe; in 1795, after the gin was 
invented, six million pounds were sent out of 
the country. Of all the marvelous inventions 
of our country, this produced the greatest con- 
sequences. It made cotton planting profitable ; 
it brought immense wealth to the people of the 
South every year ; it covered New England 
with cotton mills, and by making slave labor 



258 



profitable it did more than aiwthing else to 
fasten slavery on the United States for seventy 
years, and finally to bring on the Civil War, the 
most terrible struggle of modern times. 

10. Congress of the United States consists of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

The House of Representatives shall be composed 
of members chosen every second year by the 
people of the several States, and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State Legislature. 

Seventeenth Amendment. — The Senate of the 
United States shall be composed of two Sena- 
tors from each State, elected by the people 
thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
have one vote. The electors in each State shall 
have the qualifications requisite for electors of 
the most numerous branch of the State legis- 
latures. 

When vacancies happen in the representation of 
any State in the Senate, the executive authority 
of such State shall issue writs of election to 
fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legis- 
lature of any State may empower the executive 
authority thereof to make temporary appoint- 
ments until the people fill the vacancies by elec- 
tion as the legislature may direct. 

This amendment shall not be construed as to 
affect the election or term of any Senator 
chosen before it becomes valid as part of the 
Constitution. 



259 

Set 51. 

1. (a) The First Continental Congress met to unite 

in vindication of their common interests 
when England gave evidence of a deter- 
mination to oppress the Colonies. 

(b) It was composed of representatives from all 

the colonies except Georgia. 

(c) This Congress published to the world a long 

and emphatic Bill of Rights, which may be 
regarded as the first decided step towards 
independence. 

2. (a) The defects of the Articles of Confederation 

were that Congress had no power to en- 
force its laws; it could not levy taxes for 
any purpose ; it could not regulate foreign 
commerce; it could borrow money, but 
could not pay a dollar; it could coin 
money, but could not purchase an ounce 
of bullion; it could declare war, but 
could not raise an army; it could make 
and conclude treaties, but could only 
recommend the observance of them; it 
could declare everything, but do nothing. 
(b) Under the Articles of Confederation there 
was one House of Congress, but no Presi- 
dent and no developed system of federal 
courts. The great weakness of the Na- 
tional government lay in the fact that it 
could not enforce its decrees. The new 
Constitution provided for three depart- 
ments: 1. The Legislative, to consist of a 
Congress made up of a Senate and a 



260 



House of Representatives; 2. The Ex- 
ecutive, to consist of a President and 
officers to carry out these laws; 3. The 
Judicial, to consist of the federal or na- 
tional courts to interpret the laws. While 
the legislature of each State could still 
enact laws for its State, the Constitution 
became the supreme law of the land, to 
be obeyed by the National and State 
governments and by the people. The new 
Constitution thus brought into existence 
a strong central government. By estab- 
lishing the presidency and the Supreme 
Court, by compelling freedom of trade 
among the States, and granting to Con- 
gress power to levy taxes, the Constitution 
laid broad and deep the foundations of 
our national life. 

3. See Set 8, No. 7. 

4. (a) Three historical events that have occurred 

in Philadelphia are Penn's treaty of 
peace with the Delaware Indians in 1682; 
the signing of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, July 4, 1776 ; the occupation of 
Philadelphia by the English troops imcler 
Howe in 1777. 
(b) On May 15, 1776, Congress decided to sup- 
press every kind of authorit}^ under the 
crown, and the colonies were asked to 
make for themselves new State govern- 
ments. On June 7th Richard Henry Lee 
offered in Conprress this resolution: "Re- 



261 



solved that these United States are, and 
of right ought to be, free and independent 
States." The motion was seconded b}^ 
John Adams, and a committee of five, 
with Thomas Jefferson as chairman, was 
appointed for drawing up the declaration. 
Action was postponed for three weeks, to 
learn the opinion of the colonies. At first 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Caro- 
lina did not favor it, and New York was 
doubtful. On July 2d, however, it was 
carried unanimously, twelve States voting 
in its favor. On July 4th the Declara- 
tion of Independence, written by Jeft'er- 
son, was adopted by Congress. The 
colonies, now the United States of Amer- 
ica, were declared to be absolved from 
all allegiance to the British crown. The 
joy of the people at the news of the adop- 
tion of the Declaration of Independence 
was unbounded. It was read to Wash- 
ington's army and in all the cities and 
towns throughout the colonies. Bells were 
rung and bonfires lighted ; in Philadelphia 
the royal arms in the room where Con- 
gress was sitting were cast out and the 
great bell rang forth joyfully; in New 
York the leaden statue of George III. was 
pulled down and melted into bullets. 

5. (a) The purpose of opening the Mississippi 
River was to cut the confederacy in two, 
and by controlling the river prevent the 



262 



confederates from obtaining western sup- 
plies. 
It was effected by the land forces breaking 
the three lines of defense made by the Con- 
federates and by the Union gunboats fight- 
ing their way do^^^l the river to meet 
Parragut who captured New Orleans and 
was moving up the river, 
(b) The purpose of Sherman's March to the Sea 
was to devastate Georgia which was con- 
sidered the storehouse of the Confederacy, 
and then to move northward to join Grant 
in his attack on Richmond. 

Set 52. 

In 1617, the Dutch, crossing over from Manhattan 
Island, built a small fort at Bergen, on the 
west bank of the Hudson. Later they built 
a second fort nearly opposite to where Phila- 
delphia now stands. The whole country be- 
tween these forts they claimed as part of New 
Netherland, though the English maintained 
that as the Cabots had discovered the coast, it 
belonged by right to them. 

In 1664, after the English had conquered the 
Dutch colony of New Netherland, the Duke 
of York gave the whole territory between the 
Delaware River and the Hudson to his friends 
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Sir 
George had been governor of the Island of 
Jersey in the English Channel. During the 
Civil War in England he gallantly defended 



263 

that island in behalf of Charles I., the Duke 
of York's father. For this reason the Duke 
named the country which he granted to him 
and to Lord Berkeley, New Jersey. An Eng- 
lish settlement was made that year at a place 
Avhich the emigrants called Elizabethtown, in 
honor of Lady Elizabeth Carteret, wife of Sir 
George. 

In 1674, some English Friends, or Quakers, 
bought Lord Berkeley 's share, or West Jersey, 
and later William Penn and other members of 
the Society of Friends bought the other half, 
or East Jersey, from the heirs of Sir George 
Carteret. 

Eventually trouble arose about titles to land, and 
the proprietors thought it best (1702) to put 
the two colonies directly into the hands of the 
English government. They were united under 
the jurisdiction of the governor of New York; 
but in 1738 New Jersey became a separate 
province. From this time until the Revolu- 
tion it was ruled by a governor of its own 
appointed by the king of England. 

It was so prosperous because the colonists were 
granted self-government; they levied their 
own taxes, made their own laws, and enjoyed 
religious liberty and the friendship of the 
Indians. 

The early history of New York is only an account 
of Indian butcheries varied by difficulties with 
the English on the Connecticut. 
Although the settlers of Pennsylvania had relig- 
ious freedom, they had not all the civil rights 



264 

they wished and constantly sought to weaken 
the authority of the proprietor. 

2. The chief reason was that they were dissatisfied 

with the Church of England and wanted free- 
dom of religion. 

They were earnest^ sober-minded people, actuated 
in all things by deep religious principle, and 
never disloj^al to their convictions of duty. 

The colony was affected by religious disturb- 
ances. These colonists had come to America 
to establish a Puritan Church, and they were 
unwilling to receive persons holding opinions 
differing from their own, lest their purpose 
should be defeated. They allowed only mem- 
bers of their own church to vote in civil 
affairs. 

The character of the Virginia colonists was 
poorly adapted to endure the hardships in- 
cident to a life in a new country. The settlers 
were mostly gentlemen by birth, unused to 
labor. They had no families, and came out 
in search of wealth or adventure, expecting, 
when rich, to return to England. 

3. George Washington. 

He received a fair English education, but noth- 
ing more. He excelled in athletic sports and 
horsemanship, and was fond of life in the 
woods. He became a skillful surveyor, and 
found the work highly profitable. He was 
naturally fearless. 

See Set 39, No. 10, result of French and Indian 
War. 



265 



4. (a) According to tradition Penn met the Red 
Men under the branches of a wide-spread- 
ing elm in what was the vicinity of Phila- 
delphia. There solemn promises of mutual 
friendship were made. In accordance, 
however, with the principles of the Quaker 
faith, no oaths were taken. Each trusted 
to the other's simple word. That treaty 
was "never broken," and for sixty years, 
or as long as the Quakers held control, 
the people of Pennsylvania lived at peace 
with the natives. The tree under which 
that memorable transaction took place no 
longer stands, but its site is marked by 
a monument. The Indian record of the 
treaty — a belt of wampum representing 
Penn and the chief clasping hands — is 
still preserved. 

(b) Massasoit was born probably about 1580; 

died 1661. A chief of the Wampanoag 
Indians in southeastern Massachusetts 
and Rhode Island, in alliance with the 
Plymouth colonists 1621-61. 

(c) Pocahontas was an Indian woman celebrated 

in the colonial history of Virginia. She 
was the daughter of the Chief Powhatan, 
and was about 12 years of age when John 
Smith was brought a captive before her 
father in 1607. In 1613 she was baptized 
by the name of Rebecca and married to 
John Rolfe, one of the settlers at James- 
town. In 1616 Rolfe and his wife, in 



IQQ 



company with a number of Indians, sailed 
to England. She died in England in 1 617. 

(d) The widespread cultivation of tobacco in the 

Virginia colony required many and cheap 
laborers. In August, 1619, a Dutch ship 
came up the James river with twenty 
negroes, who were sold as slaves to the 
planters. This was the beginning of negro 
slavery in the English colonies of America. 

(e) The colonists suffered so severely from the 

cold winter and scarcity of food that one 
half of them died during the winter. At 
one time, there were only seven well 
persons to take care of the sick. 

(f) Miles Standish was born in England about 

158-4, died at Duxbury, Mass., in 1656. 
He was one of the early colonists of New 
England. He came over in the Maytiower 
to Plymouth in 1620, and was appointed 
captain by the Pilgrims; commanded 
various expeditions against the Indians, 
defeating them at Weymouth in 1623. 
He is the subject of a poem by Longfel- 
low, ''The Courtship of Miles Standish." 

(g) Roger Williams was born in Wales about 

1600, died in Rhode Island in 1684. He 
was the founder of Rhode Island. He 
was banished from Massachusetts because 
he became objectionable to the authorities 
on account of his political and religious 
opinions. He founded Providence in 1636. 
He had great influence with the Narra- 



267 

gauset Indians, and used it to the ad- 
vantage of the colonists in the Pequot 
War. 
(h) There had been recurring witchcraft panics 
in Europe since the fifteenth century, and 
in England and Scotland there were 
several in the seventeenth century. In 
various parts of Massachusetts the delu- 
sion appeared, but the most violent out- 
break was in Salem in 1692. The children 
of a Puritan minister claimed to be be- 
witched by an old colored woman. She 
confessed, and with the children brought 
accusations against many people in the 
parish. Cotton Mather, one of the most 
conservative of the Puritan ministers, had 
aided by his writings and sermons in in- 
tensifying the belief in witchcraft, and 
his influence was now thrown in favor of 
the active prosecution of the cases. This 
soon produced a reign of terror through- 
out the colony. No one was safe, and be- 
fore the panic ended twenty persons had 
suffered death. At length a reaction set 
in, and those in prison were released. So 
keenly did the colony feel its shame that 
a day of fast was appointed. 

(i) We owe the Indians restitution for robbing 
them of their lands, for annihilating them 
by our advance of civilization, for cheat- 
ing them of the first object of our con- 
quests — Faith. 



268 



5. The Nullification Act was an ordinance passed 

by a State convention of South Carolina, No- 
vember 19, 1832, declaring void certain acts 
of the United States Congress levying duties 
and imposts on imports, and threatening that 
any attempt to enforce those acts, except 
through the courts in that State, would be 
followed by the secession of South Carolina 
from the Union. It was repealed by the State 
Convention in 1833. 

The Monroe Doctrine in American politics, is the 
doctrine of the non-intervention of European 
powers in matters relating to the American 
continents. 

A protective tariff is a duty on imported goods 
for the purpose of encouraging home manu- 
factures. 

State Sovereignty was a doctrine which declared 
that a State could set aside an act of Congress. 

6. The Spoils System w^as a system by which the 

newly elected President turned his foes out 
of government positions and placed in his 
friends. It is called the "Spoils System" from 
a speech in the United States Senate by Marcy, 
in which he declared that he could ''see noth- 
ing wrong in the rule, that to the victor be- 
long the spoils of the enemy." 
The Civil Service Reform is a law made in 1871 
securing the appointment of worthy men to 
office through competitive examinations rather 
than on the recommendation of a political 
leader. Since 1883 Civil Service Reform has 



169 



become an established policy of our govern- 
ment. 
Civil Service Reform is better since it secures 
more worthy men. 

7. The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 (Jefferson). 
The Monroe Doctrine (Monroe). 

The opening of the Erie Canal (J. Q. Adams). 
The closing of the United States Bank (Jackson). 

8. Some of the things that have been of greatest aid 

to progress in the United States are her ter- 
ritorial development, her internal improve- 
ments, her inventions, her educational system. 

The territorial accjuisitions have increased our 
national domain and increased our power. 

Her internal improvements have increased the 
value of vast fertile fields and attracted set- 
tlers from all sides and thus increased our 
commerce. 

Her inventions have been many and they minister 
to our comfort and the world's progress. 

Her educational system is extended to all classes 
of society and embraces every kind of knowl- 
edge, except the knowledge of God. 

9. The Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. 

The United States Asiatic Squadron, under Com- 
modore George Dewey, was at this time in the 
harbor of Hongkong. At once a message was 
sent to him to capture or destroy the Spanish 
fleet in the Philippines. Dewey sailed im- 
mediately; and Sunday morning. May 1st, be- 
fore daybreak, he passed the entrance to 
Manila Bay and slowly drew near the city. 



270 

When the sun arose the Spanish fleet was 
seen off Cavite, a peninsula which is eight 
miles from Manila, across the bay. Dewey had 
four cruisers, two gunboats, and a dispatch 
boat, a fleet superior to the naval force of 
Spain. The battle began at daybreak, and the 
American squadron, passing and repassing 
five times before the Spanish boats, aimed its 
guns with deadly effect. Every Spanish vessel 
was destroyed, with large loss of life. The 
Americans lost neither a vessel nor a man. 
10. The few settlers in Florida caused endless trouble 
to the neighboring States. In 1817 Andrew 
Jackson, who was in command of the forces 
of the United States, seized a number of 
Spanish forts and towns and in three months 
had the country under his control. His action 
threatened to cause trouble with Spain, but 
Spain was induced to sell Florida to the United 
States in 1819 for $5,000,000. 

Set 53. 

1. On his first voj^age Columbus discovered San 

Salvador, Cuba, and Hayti. 

2. The States bordering on the Atlantic Ocean 

which were included in the thirteen original 
colonies are New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 

3. Father Marquette was born in France in 1637, 

died near Lake Michigan in 1675. He was a 



271 

French Jesuit missionary and explorer in 
America. He accompanied Joliet in his voyage 
down the Wisconsin and Mississippi and up 
the Illinois in 1673. He died while attempt- 
ing to establish a mission among the Illinois. 
He wrote a description of the expedition of 
1673. 

4. China has recently changed its form of govern- 

ment (1912). 

5. The government of the United States is divided 

into three departments. The first has Legis- 
lative power; the second, Executive power; 
the third, Judicial power. 

Set 54. 

1. See Map No. 11. 

2. The Huguenots were French Protestants. 

In 1562 the Huguenots under John Ribaut made 
a settlement at Port Royal in South Carolina. 
It proved a failure. In 1564 a second expe- 
dition was sent out under the leadership of 
Laudonniere. This time they landed at the 
St. John's River in Florida and built a fort, 
but it was soon destroyed by the Spanish. 
About 1670 they found a welcome in South 
Carolina. In Charleston alone there were at 
one time as man}^ as 16,000 Huguenots. 

3. Two motives of the English government in plant- 

ing colonies in America were to increase her 
foreign possessions and to keep in line with 
the conquests made by her rivals, Spain and 
France. 



272 



Two causes of emigration to America in colonial 
period were religious persecutions and a de- 
sire for wealth. 

4. The trials of the colony at eJamestown were due 

to fever and famine. The colony was made up 
largely of men who were unused to work, and 
instead of building houses, planting seed, and 
preparing for the future, they looked for gold. 
The fever and famine that overtook them soon 
reduced their number by half. John Smith, 
a fearless, restless adventurer, took charge and 
procured food from the Indians, built huts, 
planted corn and saved the colony from ruin. 
The Jamestown Colony had the advantage of a 
milder climate and the aid of the Indians. 

5. Maryland in 1649, Rhode Island in 1663, and 

Pennsylvania in 1681, gave religious freedom 
to its settlers. 
Under these humane laws, the colonies flourished 
greatly. These colonies share the honor of 
establishing the principle of religious freedom. 

6. The Mound Builders were, according to Major 

Powell, of the United States Geological Survey, 
the Indian tribes discovered by the white man. 
They were supposed for a long time to have 
been a civilized race which had disappeared 
before the landing of Columbus. 

7. Raleigh obtained a charter of colonization in 1584 

and sent Amidas and Barlow to explore the 
region which he called Virginia. In 1585 he 
he dispatched a fleet of colonists, w^ho landed 



273 

on Roanoke Island, but were brought back by 
Drake the following year. In 1587 he des- 
patched another body of emigrants, which set- 
tled Roanoke Island, but which had disappeared 
when a relief expedition reached the island in 
1590. In 1595 he sailed for Trinidad and 
ascended the Orinoco. He was imprisoned in 
the Tower, but in 1616 he was released to com- 
mand an expedition to Guiana and the Orinoco. 
The expedition was a failure. 

8. In 1-192 Columbus discovered America. 

In 1607 the first permanent English settlement 
was made at Jamestown. 

In 1623 a famine occurred in the Plymouth Col- 
ony; also first permanent Dutch settlement at 
New Amsterdam. 

In 1541 the Mississippi River was discovered. 

In 1620 the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth. 

9. Massasoit was chief of the Wampanoag Indians. 
Canonicus was chief of the Narragansett Indians. 

10. In 1633 the Dutch built a fort in Connecticut 
where Hartford now stands. To shut off the 
Dutch vessels the English colonists established 
a fort at the mouth of the river in 1635, and 
called it Saybrook. In the Connecticut Valley 
three English settlements Avere made in 1635- 
36 at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. 
In 1638 the English made a settlement at New 
Haven. In 1662 Charles II granted a charter 
to the Connecticut and New Haven colonies, 
and their union was soon after completed. 



274 



Set 55. 

1. Robert Morris was an American financier and 

established the Bank of North America in 1781 ; 
he was superintendent of finance 1781-1784. 

Benjamin Franklin was a member of the com- 
mittee of five chosen by Congress in 1776 to 
draw np a Declaration of Independence. He 
was ambassador to the court of France in 1776 
and in conjunction with Lee and Deane con- 
cluded a treaty with France in 1778, by which 
France recognized the independence of 
America. In conjunction with Jay and Adams 
he concluded the treaty of peace with England 
in 1783. 

James Madison was the fourth President of the 
United States from 1809-1817. During his ad- 
ministration the War of 1812 was carried on 
with England. 

Morris and Franklin were Pennsylvanians. 

2. Improvement in the means of transportation and 

communication. Since the Civil War there 
have been many important inventions and dis- 
coveries in means of transportation and com- 
munication ; but none of these caused anything 
like the revolution along industrial and other 
institutional lines that was caused by the intro- 
duction of the railroad and telegraph. Before 
the railroad and telegraph came into use, 
animal power and wind power were the only 
forces used by man in transportation and com- 
munication, except the limited use of steam 
power in water navigation. The use of electric 



275 



power for purposes of communication, and of 
steam power for purposes of land transporta- 
tion, brought about an astounding revolution 
in institutional life. No other inventions or dis- 
coveries in means of transportation and com- 
munication can ever affect human progress so 
profoundly as these have done, because the rail- 
road and telegraph have too nearly overcome 
the element of time in carrying goods, passen- 
gers and messages. Other inventions and dis- 
coveries, however, will make transportation and 
communication cheaper and more convenient. 
Among those of this kind that have come into 
use since 1860 are the cable and electric rail- 
ways, the bicycle, the automobile and the tele- 
phone. The telephone and the street railways 
have become very important factors in the busi- 
ness and social life of the nation. But the most 
important development in means of transporta- 
tion and communication made during this 
period has been the growth of steam railroads. 
In 1860, there were only about thirty thousand 
miles of these railroads in the United States, 
while in 1909 there were more than two hun- 
dred and fifteen thousand miles, and new lines 
are constantly in course of construction. These 
vast railway systems have had a more import- 
ant effect on the institutional life of the nation 
than any other one factor. They have aided 
industrial growth by making it possible to 
develop the great natural resources of the 
country, and by creating an immense home 
market for the products of all parts of the 



276 



nation. They have exerted a beneficial in- 
fluence on the nation by bringing the people 
into closer touch and doing away with section- 
alism, thus promoting the growth of a true 
national life. 

3. (a) The most important causes of the Civil War 

were the antislavery agitation and the de- 
velopment of the doctrines of State sover- 
eignty. The former had been gaining force 
since the Missouri Compromise, and espe- 
cially since the "Wilmot Proviso, the Mexi- 
can War, the Omnibus Bill, and the 
Kansas-Nebraska trouble. The latter 
found expression in the Kentucky resolu- 
tions, nullification, and especially in the 
teachings of Calhoun. 

(b) See Map No. 2. 

(c) The slavery question and the question of 

State Rights were settled. 

4. (a) See Set 9, No. 6 (a). 

(b) Reciprocity means mutual action and reac- 

tion. 
A treaty of reciprocity is a treaty concluded 
between two countries, conferring equal 
privileges. 

(c) A treaty is an agreement, league, or contract 

between two or more nations or sovereigns, 
formally signed by commissioners properly 
authorized, and solemnly ratified by the 
several sovereigns, or the supreme power 
of each nation. 

(d) See Set 16, No. 9. 

(e) See Set 52, No. 6. 



277 

5. (a) The Senate consists of two members from 

each State, making ninety-six in all. 
The Representatives are apportioned in pro- 
portion to the total population. According 
to the census of 1910 there is one Represen- 
tative to every 212,407 inhabitants, making 
in all 435 Representatives in the House. 

(b) No person shall be a Senator who shall not 

have attained to the age of thirty years, 
and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
shall be chosen. 
No person shall be a Representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty-five 
years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

(c) See Set 4, No. 8. 

(d) The Vice-President of the United States shall 

be President of the Senate. 
The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker. 

6. (a) The Thirteenth Amendment made the slaves 

free; the Fourteenth declared them citi- 
zens ; the Fifteenth gave them the right to 
vote. 

(b) The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments 

were adopted in Johnson 's administration ; 
the Fifteenth in Grant's administration. 

(c) See Set 15, No. 6. 



278 

Set 56. 

1. (a) See Set 9, No. 6 (a). 

(b) The Tariff was popular at the North, but dis- 
tasteful to tlie South. The North engaged 
in manufactures, wished to have foreign 
competition shut otf by heavy duties; 
while the South being an agricultural sec- 
tion, had no factories and believed that 
the high tariff diminished foreign trade, 
and consequently the market for cotton in 
Europe, and also compelled them to pay 
higher prices for the goods they bought. 
The North maintained that a protective 
tariff* established a home market where 
cotton Avould bring a higher price. The 
Tariff question strengthened the South in 
its adherence to the doctrine of State 
Rights, and led South Carolina to pass the 
Nullification ordinance. 

2. (a) See Set 55, No. 3 (a). 

(b) The States that seceded from the Union were 

South Carolina, ^Mississippi, Florida, Ala- 
bama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas. They 
were joined by Virginia, Arkansas, North 
Carolina and Tennessee. 

(c) See Set 55, No. 3 (c). 

3. (a) See Set 4, No. 4. 

(b) In September (1864) there was fighting in 
the Shenandoah Valle}^ between Sheridan 
and Early, in which Sheridan gained the 
day. Later Early took advantage of Sher- 
idan's absence from his army to surprise 



279 

the Union force at Cedar Creek in the 
valley. They retreated, and the retreat 
soon became a panic. Sheridan was then 
at Winchester, about twenty miles away. 
He heard the cannon with their 
"Terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, 

Telling the battle was on once more." 
Mounting his horse, he hurried to the 
scene of disaster. As he came up, a great 
cheer greeted him from the Union cavalry. 
''We must face the other way!" shouted 
Sheridan to the retreating men. They did 
face the other way, and so effectually that 
they speedily drove the Confederates ' ' fly- 
ing" out of that part of the valley. 

4. By the treaty of peace, December 10, 1898, which 

ended the Spanish-American War, the United 
States acquired the Philippine Islands, Guam, 
Porto Rico, and other Spanish West Indian 
Islands for $20,000,000. 
During the progress of the war with Spain the 
United States annexed the Hawaiian Islands, 
July 6, 1898. 

5. (a) Three electrical devices which have proved 

of great value to the world are the elec- 
tric lamp, wireless telegraphy, the tele- 
phone, 
(b) The electric light ministers to our comfort 
and the world's progress. 
Wireless telegraphy affords instantaneous 
connnunication through great distances 
both on land and sea, and has proved most 
beneficial in rescuing lives on shipboard. 



280 



The telephone transmits the sound of the hu- 
man voice through great distances and 
has become an essential part of our busi- 
ness and social life. 

Set 57. 

1. The nations that took an active part in the ex- 

plorations of North America were the Spanish, 
the French, the English, and the Dutch. 

Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer. 

Cartier was a French explorer, 

Fl-obisher was an English explorer. 

Hudson was an English navigator in the Dutch 
service. 

2. (a) The aboriginal inhabitants of North America 

were named Indians on the supposition 
that the lands discovered by the early 
navigators were parts of India, 
(b) The Indians were savages; but seldom de- 
graded savages. They lived by hunting, 
fishing, and agriculture. Their farming, 
however, was of the rudest kind. For 
weapons they had bows and arrows, hatch- 
ets made of flint, and heavy clubs. 
The Indian believed in a strict division of 
duties. He did the hunting, the fighting, 
the scalping; his wife did the work. She 
built the wigwam, or hut of bark. She 
planted and hoed the corn and tobacco. 
She made deerskin clothes for the family. 
When they moved, she carried the furni- 
ture on her back. Her housekeeping was 



281 

simple. She kindled a fire on the ground 
by rubbing two dry sticks rapidly to- 
gether; then she roasted the meat on the 
coals, or boiled it in an earthen pot. There 
was always plenty of smoke and dirt ; but 
no one complained. House-cleaning was 
unlvnown. 
(c) The Indian usually believed in a Great Spirit 
all-powerful, wise, and good; but he also 
believed in many inferior spirits, some 
good, and some evil. 
Often he worshipped the evil spirits most. 
He reasoned in this way : The Great Spirit 
will not hurt me, even if I do not pray 
to him, for he is good; but if I neglect 
the evil spirits, they may do me mischief. 
Beyond this life the Indian looked for an- 
other. There the brave warrior who had 
taken many scalps would enter the happy 
hunting-grounds; there demons would flog 
the coward to never-ending tasks. 
3. Lord Baltimore died before the Maryland Char- 
ter was signed, and his son, Cecil Calvert, the 
second Lord Baltimore, carried out his father's 
plans. With two vessels, in charge of Leonard 
Calvert, brother of the proprietor, the colo- 
nists, two hundred and twenty in number, with 
Father White and two other Jesuits, entered 
Chesapeake Bay and sailed up the Potomac. 
At St. Clements Island they landed and took 
possession. Father White consecrated the soil, 
and the first Mass in English America was 
celebrated March 25, 1634. A settlement which 



282 

they named St. Mary's was founded. Land 
was purchased from the Indians, and this 
gained their good will at the outset. 

In 1638, friends of Anne Hutchinson bought 
from the Narragansetts the Island of Aquid- 
neck, afterwards called Rhode Island. Dis- 
sensions, however, arose, and some of the colo- 
nists moved to the southern end of the island 
and founded a colony which was named New- 
port. The old settlement was called Portsmouth. 
These different colonies were united afterwards 
by a charter which Roger Williams secured in 
England, and were called "The Colony of 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." 

William Penn had inherited from his father, Ad- 
miral Penn, a claim of sixteen thousand pounds 
against the English government, and he asked 
King Charles II for a grant of land west of 
the Delaware in payment of his claim. 

In 1681, Charles II gave a charter to Penn, mak- 
ing him absolute proprietor of the province 
of Pennsylvania. Though by this charter Penn 
possessed almost royal powers, he prepared a 
form of government very liberal in its charac- 
ter. In 1682, Penn arrived at Upland, now 
called Chester, and formall.y took possession 
of his province. In the autumn of 1682 he 
located his capital town, named Philadelphia, 
laying it out in squares with the streets at 
right angles. Beneath a spreading elm tree, 
in a suburb of his capital, he made a famous 
treaty with the Indians. From its foundation 
Philadelphia was a prosperous tov.na, and in 



283 

fourteen years gained about twenty thousand 
inhabitants. 
In 1606, King James I gave charters to two Eng- 
lish companies ''for planting and ruling New 
England in America." One of these com- 
panies, the London Company sent out three 
ship-loads of people, to choose and settle lands 
in Virginia. In the spring of 1607 the three 
vessels entered Chesapeake Bay. They an- 
chored at Point Comfort. Fifty miles up the 
river they chose the site of their first settle- 
ment, which bore the name Jamestown. In 
the following yeai^s other colonists were added. 
Jamestown proved to be a permanent settle- 
ment. 

4. Every farmhouse was a little factory, and every 
farmer a jack-of -all-trades. He and his sons 
made their own shoes, beat out nails and spikes, 
hinges, and every sort of ironmongery, and 
constructed much of the household furniture. 
The wife and her daughters manufactured the 
clothing, from dressing the flax and carding 
the wool to cutting the cloth ; knit the mittens 
and socks; and during the wdnter made straw 
bonnets to sell in the towns in the spring. 

Even in such towns as were large enough to sup- 
port a few artisans, each made, with the help 
of an apprentice, and perhaps a journeyman, 
all the articles he sold. 

All conduct was shaped by a literal interpreta- 
tion of the Scriptures, and articles of dress 
Avere limited or regulated by law. 



284 



5. In 1492, Columbus discovered America. 

In 1565, Menendez laid the foundation of St. 
Augustine, the oldest town in the United 
States. 

In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English navigator in 
the Dutch service, hoping to reach the Pacific 
Ocean, ascended the noble river which bears 
his name. 

In 1614, the Republic of the United Netherlands 
or Holland, took possession of the country on 
the Hudson River, and gave it the name of 
New Netherland. That very year Captain 
John Smith, formerly of Jamestown, Virginia, 
explored the Atlantic coast east and northeast 
of the Hudson. He made a map of it, calling 
the country New England. 

In 1620, the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. 

6. (a) The chief industries of the New England 

colonists Vv'Cre ship building, fishing, some 
farming, and manufacturing on a limited 
scale, 
(b) The chief industries of the Southern colonists 
w^ere tobacco and rice raising. 

7. The Patroons. As Holland was anxious to estab- 

lish a sufficient population in the province to 
hold it against all intruders, it granted a char- 
ter intended to favor emigration. That char- 
ter gave to any member of the Dutch West 
India Company w^ho should take or send out 
fifty settlers within four years, the right to a 
large amount of land on any navigable river 
or bay in New Netherland. Such a proprietor 
was to receive the honorarv title of ' ' Patroon. ' ' 



28.^ 



If he located his estate on one bank only of a 
river, he was to have sixteen miles of water- 
front; if on both banks, he was to have eight 
miles on each. Inland, he might extend his 
settlement as far as he could occupy the soil 
to advantage. In all cases he was to purchase 
the land of the Indians. 

The patroon who began a settlement agreed to 
do three things: 1. To pay the expenses of the 
emigrant's passage from Holland. 2. To stock 
a farm for him on his estate with horses, cat- 
tle, and all necessary agricultural implements, 
at a small rent, and free from taxes. 3. To 
provide a schoolmaster and a minister of the 
Gospel. 

In return, the emigrant bound himself in many 
ways, of which the three following were the 
principal ones: He agreed , 1. To cultivate 
the patroon 's land for ten years, and not to 
leave it without permission. 2. To give the 
patroon the first opportunity to buy any grain 
or other produce he might have to sell. 3. To 
bring all disputes about property and rights 
to the patroon 's court, of which the patroon 
himself was judge. 

The New England Confederacy. In 1643 Massa- 
chusetts Bay united with Plymouth and with 
the two western colonies of Connecticut and 
Xew Haven in a league for mutual defence. 
The league was maintained for over forty 
years. Rhode Island and Maine wished to join 
it, but were refused, because the first had es- 



286 



tablished freedom of worship, and the second 
stood by the king and the Church of England. 

The object of the confederacy was twofold: First, 
the Colonies sought to protect themselves 
against hostile Indians and against the Dutch, 
who were anxious to get possession of the ter- 
ritory between the Hudson and the Connecti- 
cut Elvers. Secondly, they wished to express 
their sj^mpathy with the Puritan Party in 
England, which was then engaged in a strug- 
gle with the tyrannical King Charles I, and 
which soon after changed England for a time 
into a republic. 

Pernios Treaty. According to tradition Penn met 
the Red ]Men under the branches of a wide- 
spreading elm in what was then the vicinity 
of Philadelphia. There solemn promises of 
mutual friendship were made. In accordance, 
however, wath the principles of the Quaker 
faith, no oaths were taken. Each trusted to 
the other's simple word. That treaty was 
''never broken," and for sixty years, or as 
long as the Quakers held control, the people 
of Pennsylvania lived at peace with the na- 
tives. The tree under w^hich that memorable 
transaction took place no longer stands, but 
its site is marked by a monument. The Indian 
record of the treaty, a belt of wampum repre- 
senting Penn and the Chief clasping hands, is 
still preserved. 

8. The Indians hid in the forest and fired from be- 
hind trees, while the European soldiers fought 



287 

by rule aud attacked the eneiu}- openly face 
to face. 
Braddock's defeat near Fort Duquesne. 
9. (a) See Set 39, No. 10, cause. 

(b) Quebec, See Set 39, No. 10. 

(c) See Set 39, No. 10, results. 

10. John Cabot discovered the continent of North 

America. 

Roger Williams founded Providence in Rhode 
Island. 

Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan and 
the Philippine Islands where he lost his life. 
One of his captains continued the journey, 
rounded the Cape of Good Hope and thus made 
the first voyage around the world. 

Cecil Calvert was the first proprietor of Maryland. 

Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River in 1535. 

11. The chief executive of this countrj^ is Woodrow 

Wilson, President of the United States (1911). 

The chief executive in Pennsylvania is Governor 
John K. Tener. 

The chief executive of Philadelphia is Mayor Ru- 
dolf Blankenburg. 

12. In the colonial times people seldom traveled. 

When the}^ did, they generally preferred go- 
ing by water, if possible, in order to avoid the 
bad roads. But as such traveling was wholly 
in sailing-vessels, the time when a man reached 
his destination depended on the wind, and the 
wind made no promises. Knowing this fact, 
some chose to go by land. To accommodate 
these venturesome people a lumbering covered 
wagon ran once a week between New York and 



Philadelphia, traveling at the rate of about 
three miles an hour. Later (1766), an enter- 
prising individual put on a wagon which ac- 
tually made the trip of ninety miles in two 
days. On account of its speed it was adver- 
tised as the "Flying Machine;" the cheaper 
conveyances, which did not ''fly," took a day 
longer to make the journey. In the wet season 
of the year the passengers often worked their 
passage as well as paid for it, for they were 
frequently called on to get out and pry the 
wagon out of the mud with fence rails. 

At present, by means of the railways and steam 
engine travel has been reduced to a mile a 
minute. 

In colonial times the expense of carrying the mails 
made postage so high that but few letters were 
written. These were rarely prepaid; and as 
a charge of twenty-five cents on a single letter 
was not very uncommon, most persons pre- 
ferred that their friends should think of them 
often but write to them seldom. 

At present, because of the telegraph and tele- 
phone, communication even from a distance is 
almost instantaneous. The United States pos- 
tal service offers a quick, safe, and cheap com- 
munication. 

Set 58. 

See Set 2. 

Set 59. 

1. Spain at one time claimed Florida, Louisiana 
Cession, Texas, the Mexican Cession, Gadsden 



289 



Purchase, Oregon, Porto Rico, the Philippines, 
and Guam. 

Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 
for $5,000,000, and by the same treaty also 
relinquished all her authoritj^ over the region 
west of the Rock}^ ^Mountains and north of 
forty- two degrees north latitude. 

Just before the close of the great war between 
England and France in 1763, France ceded 
Louisiana with New Orleans to her ally, Spain, 
In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte induced or forced 
Spain to cede it back to France. 

Texas, which had been part of the Spanish colony, 
founded in 1535 and called New Spain, Spain 
lost when she lost her colony through rebellion 
and the inhabitants deposed her viceroy in 
1821. 

Spain lost what is known as the Mexican Cession 
and the Gadsden Purchase by the revolution 
under Iturbide in 1821. 

At the close of the Spanish War in 1898, a treaty 
was made hy which the United States obtained 
Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. 

2. Quaker Settlement. — Pennsylvania. 
Leader — William Penn. 

Land obtained in patjmient of debt due his father. 
Freedom from Indian wars — made treaty of peace 

which was kept by both sides. 
See Set 57, No. 3, for fuller answers. 

3. From the beginning of the Revolution, the pa- 

triots had hoped to obtain aid from France, 
nor were they disappointed. Early in 1776, 
Silas Deane was sent to Paris to urge an alii- 



290 



ance. After the Declaration of Independence, 
he was joined by Benjamin Franklin and 
Arthur Lee. Though France sympathized with 
the Americans, she could give them no open 
aid without incurring the hostility of Great 
Britain. Secretly, however, she furnished 
them with money, arms, provisions and cloth- 
ing. Louis XYI permitted French officers to 
leave their country to aid the American cause, 
and encouraged commerce with the Colonies, 
by exempting from duty all vessels bearing 
supplies to the United States. 

Among the most distinguished French officers who 
gave themselves to our cause, was the young 
Marquis de La Fayette. Contrary to the en- 
treaties of his friends, when American affairs 
looked gloomiest, he fitted out a vessel at his 
own expense, and with eleven officers, among 
whom was the German veteran, Baron de Kalb, 
sailed for the New World, 1777. The sensa- 
tion produced by his appearance in this coun- 
try, was, of course, much greater than that 
produced in Europe b}^ his departure. It still 
stands forth as one of the most prominent and 
important circumstances in our revolutionary 
contest; and, as has often been said by one 
who bore no small part in its trials and suc- 
cess, none but those who were then alive can 
believe what an impulse it gave to the hopes 
of a population almost disheartened by a long 
series of disasters. 

Franklin, meanwhile, had gained considerable in- 
fluence at the French court ; Marie Antoinette 



291 

was our hearty friend; and when the news of 
Burgoyne's surrender reached Europe, Louis 
XVI was induced to acknowledge the inde- 
pendence of the United States, and to make a 
treaty of alliance with the young Republic, 
February 6, 1778. France now openly took 
part in the war; and in April, 1778, a French 
lieet under D'Estaing sailed for America. The 
effect of this was electric. Great was the re- 
joicing of the Americans over this event, and 
to Washington it brought renewed hope and 
courage. 

4. See Set 9, No. 2 (a). 

France owned the province of Louisiana, includ- 
ing New Orleans. Napoleon Bonaparte, who 
was then about to engage in a tremendous con- 
test with England, was afraid that when war 
broke out the English would send over a fleet 
and take Louisiana out of his hands. For that 
reason he was willing to sell it to the United 
States, especially as the money would help him 
to fit out his armies against Great Britain. In 
1803, President Jefferson bought the whole ter- 
ritory of Louisiana for fifteen millions of dol- 
lars. By so doing he got the very heart of the 
American continent, reaching from the Missis- 
sippi back to the Rocky Mountains. He thus, 
at one stroke, more than doubled the area of 
the United States, getting upwards of a million 
of square miles, or over six hundred millions 
of acres, for two cents and a half an acre. 

See Set 9, No. 2 (b). 



292 



The possession of Louisiana secured to us four 
important points: — 

(a) It prevented any disputes with France 

about the territory. 

(b) It prevented England from getting con- 

trol of it. 
(e) It gave us the Great West, that is, the 
West beyond the Mississippi to the 
Rocky Mountains. 
(d) It made us masters of the entire Mis- 
sissippi River, with the City of New 
Orleans. 
The President was criticized for overstepping his 
authority, some saying that he had no right to 
make the purchase. He himself confessed that 
he stretched his power 'Hill it cracked," in 
order to complete the bargain. There is 
nothing in the Constitution that gives the 
President the right to make such a purchase. 
The event was commemorated by the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. It was the hundredth 
anniversary of the crowning event of Jeffer- 
son's administration. Twelve hundred acres 
were covered with massive and beautiful build- 
ings, erected by the States and Territories of 
the Union and by the nations of the earth. The 
exposition was the greatest the world has ever 
seen. 
5. A tax on foreign goods is called a duty. All the 
taxes on imported goods taken together form 
what is called the tariff of a countr3^ Its 
main purpose is to obtain money for the use 
of the Government, in paying the debts of the 



293 

United States, in providing for common de- 
fense, and the general welfare of the nation. 
It also protects home manufacture, hence is a 
protective tariff. It compels the consumer to 
buy home manufactured goods, or else pay a 
high price for the same article manufactured 
in a foreign land. 

The effect of the Embargo and the Non-Inter- 
course Acts was to encourage home manufac- 
ture and many of the manufactories of the 
country had their beginning at this time, 1807 
and 1809. By the year 1816, we were manu- 
facturing goods quite largely, and many peo- 
ple came to believe that we ought to impose a 
protective tariff which would levy a heavy tax 
on foreign goods, similar to those we were 
making, and thus encourage buyers to pur- 
chase those made here rather than pay a much 
higher price for the imported articles. Such 
a protective tariff' was imposed in 1816, and 
again in 1824, 1828, 1832, and 1842. 

Francis C. Lowell, in 1814, introduced the Eng- 
lish power loom into America and established 
at Waltham, Massachusetts , a cotton mill. 
Other large factories were built at Lowell, 
Lawrence, and Fall River. To protect these 
industries from English competition at the 
close of the war, a duty of twenty-five per cent, 
was laid on cotton and woolen goods imported 
from abroad, and the protective system was 
thereby established. 

During the w^ar the necessity for better communi- 
cation bv means of S'ood roads and canals be- 



294 



tween the sections of the eoiiutry v/as plainly 
seen. This need led to a renewed demand for 
"internal improvements," with money to be 
raised from increased tariff rates, and further 
developed the growing protective system. 

6. In 1863 General Hooker, in command of the 

Army of the Potomac was defeated by General 
Lee at Chancellorsville. 

Andrew Jackson was President of th e United 
States, and inaugurated the "spoils system" 
in Federal politics by dismissing about six 
hundred and ninety office-holders during the 
first year of his administration, as against 
seventy-four removals by all the preceding 
Presidents. 

Henry Clay was an American statesman and ora- 
tor and was the chief designer of the ]\Iissouri 
Compromise of 1820, and of the Compromise 
of 1850. 

Daniel Webster was an American statesman and 
orator and became famous for his speeches in 
opposition to Calhoun in 1833. He supported 
Clay's compromise measure in 1850. 

Stephen Douglas was an American Democratic 
politician. He advanced the doctrine of popu- 
lar or "squatter" sovereignty in relation to 
slaveiy in the Territories, and reported the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. 

7. See Set 9, No. 4 (a). 

The provision: All runaway slaves found at the 
North shall be arrested, and, without trial by 
jury, they shall be returned to their masters. 

Because many people declared : Above the Con- 



295 

stitution aud all Acts of Congress there is a 
"Higher Law" — a divine law of justice and of 
freedom which compels us through conscience 
not to obey such an order of the Government, 
and not to return the fugitive to his master. 

8. See Set 56, No. 2 (b). 
See Set 55, No. 3 (c). 

The Civil War left mam- questions to be settled 
in this epoch. AVhat was the political status 
of the late seceded States, and how should they 
resume their places in the Union ? What rights 
should be given to the emancipated negro? 
What Avas to be done with the greenbacks, 
which for a long time formed the chief money 
in circulation ? 

Other questions were: Should the duties be kept 
high to increase the products of the producer, 
or shoulci they be lowered to lessen the cost of 
goods to the consumer? Should the dollar of 
commerce mean, ultimately, a certain amount 
of gold, or the debtor's choice between that 
amount of gold and a certain amount of silver, 
or merely a paper greenback? Conflicts be- 
tween organized labor and organized capital 
became widespread and disastrous : how should 
such injury be avoided? 

9. (a) Alaska was purchased in 1867. 

It has proved of value to us because it has 
extended our povrer on the Pacific Coast. 
It is a profitable possession because of its 
furs, forests, and fish; its rich deposits of 
gold; and its trade in sealskins. 
(b) See Set 56, Xo. 4. 



296 

The Hawaiian Islands were annexed during 
the Spanish War, July 6, 1898. The 
Island of Tutuila was given to the United 
States by a treaty made with Great Britain 
and Germany in 1899. The Island of 
Wake was taken possession of by the 
United States in 1899. 

10. The Venezuelan Boundary. In 1895 a boundary 

dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana 
seemed likely to lead to war. Cleveland follow- 
ing the Monroe Doctrine, protested to Great 
Britain against any seizure of Venezuelan ter- 
ritory. A commission was appointed to as- 
certain the true boundary; but before it could 
report, Great Britain and Venezuela signed 
a treaty of arbitration, and the dispute was 
amicably adjusted. 

11. Bills ma}^ originate in either the House of Re- 

presentatives or the Senate, except bills for 
raising revenue which shall originate in the 
House of Eepresentatives. 
Every bill which shall have passed the House of 
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before 
it become a law, be presented to the President 
of the United States; if he approve, he shall 
sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his 
objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at 
large on their journal, and proceed to recon- 
sider it. If after such reconsideration, two- 
thirds of that house shall agree to pass the 
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, bv which it shall 



297 

likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by 
two-thirds of that house, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, 
and the names of the persons voting for and 
against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the President within ten 
days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a 
law, in like manner as if he had signed it, 
unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- 
vent its return, in which case it shall not be 
a law. 
12. The three hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson was 
celebrated late in September, 1909. At the 
same time was celebrated the one hundredth 
anniversary (though 1907 was the exact year) 
of the beginning of steam navigation by Robert 
Fulton. The Dutch nation presented a replica 
of the Half Moon, and manned it with Dutch 
officers and crew. A replica of the Clermont 
was prepared, and these two tiny vessels were 
the chief objects of attention in the great pro- 
cession of all sorts of vessels which was nearly 
forty miles long. The celebration consisting 
also of military parades, historical pageants, 
and other sights lasted for several days. On 
the evening of the last day beacon lights were 
burned along the Hudson River from New 
York to Albany, a distance of one hundred 
and twentv-five miles. 



298 



The Hudson-Fultoii celebration took place in New 
York in 1909. 

13. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon on 
Easter Sunday, a day which Spaniards call 
Pascua Florida, or Flowery Easter. In com- 
memoration of the day when he first saw the 
coast, he named the country Florida. 

Baltimore was named after Lord Baltimore, who 
obtained a charter from Charles I for the terri- 
tory north of the Potomac which was given the 
name of Maryland. 

New York was so named in honor of James, Duke 
of York, the brother of King Charles II. 

Virginia w^as so called in honor of the maiden life 
of Queen Elizabeth. 

Plymouth was so called after the Plymouth Com- 
pany, which took its name from the city in 
England where it was organized and which had 
control of Northern Virginia, between the east- 
ern end of Long Island and the northern limit 
of the mainland of Nova Scotia. 

Charles II, of England, named Pemi's grant, 

Pennsylvania or Penn's Woods. 
Providence was so called by Roger Williams out 

of gratitude to ''God's merciful Providence to 

him in his distress." 

The word Connecticut is an Indian name (Quo- 
nektacat) meaning long river. 

Georgia was so named out of compliment to King 
George II. 



299 

Set 60. 

1. (a) 1. Financial profit. 

2. To obtain greater religious and civil free- 

dom. 

3. To fonnd an asylum for persecuted Catho- 

lics. 

4. To establish a home for the poor debtors 

of England. 

(b) 1. Jamestown, Virginia, 1607. 

2. Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1620. 

3. St. Mary's, Maryland, 1631. 

4. Savannah, Georgia, 1733. 

2. See Set 51, No. 2 (a). 

3. The United States has acquired territory by con- 

quest, treaty, purchase, and by annexation. 

The United States grew from about 400,000 square 
miles in 1776 to 3,747,000 square miles in 1900 
by the following additions of territory to the 
original thirteen States : — 

(a) The Northwest Territory, in part con- 

quered by General George Rogers 
Clark in 1778, in part ceded by the 
treaty of 1783. 

(b) The country south of the Ohio River, 

in part previously occupied by the 
Kentuckians and Tennesseeans, but 
chiefly gained by clever diplomacy in 
1782. 

(c) Louisiana, purchased from France in 

1803. 



300 



(d) Oregon, discovered in 1792, explored in 

1805, occupied as wild territory in 
1811. 

(e) West Florida, conquered in 1810-1814. 

(f ) East Florida, purchased in 1819. 

(g) Texas, annexed as a State in 1845. 

(li) New Mexico and California, conquered 
in 1846 and ceded by Mexico in 1848. 

(i) The Gadsden Purchase, bought from 
Mexico in 1853. 

(j) Alaska, bought in 1867. 

(k) The Hawaiian Islands, annexed by con- 
sent in 1898. 

(1) Christmas, Wake, Baker, Howland, Mid- 
way, and other islands, earlier dis- 
covered, but added as wild territory 
in 1898. 

(m) Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, 
conquered in 1898. 

(n) Tutuila and some other small Samoan 
Islands, wild territory confirmed as 
our sole possession in 1899. 

4. (a) The Ordinance of 1787 forbade slavery in the 
Northwest Territory, except in punishment 
of crime. 

(b) The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery 
north of the parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes 
with the exception of Missouri. It settled 
the question of slavery for nearly twenty- 
five years. After this political antislavery 
sentiment became more prominent and the 
dissatisfaction in the North with the 



301 



Missouri Compromise laid the foundation 
of abolitionism. 

(c) The Compromise of 1850. Two of its clauses 

favored slavery. By these acts of this bill, 
the slavery question seemed to be pretty 
well provided for. But the whole thing 
was again brought under hot dispute four 
years later in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

(d) The Fugitive Slave Law strengthened the 

slavery question. It aroused the deepest 
excitement in the North, for the slave could 
give no testimony. By the Fugitive Slave 
Law, passed in 1850, United States Com- 
missioners had power to turn over a 
colored man or woman to anybody who 
claimed the negro as an escaped slave. 
Anyone w^ho harbored a fugitive slave or 
prevented his recapture, Avas fined and im- 
prisoned. On several occasions during 
1851, the free negroes and the people of 
the North rose and rescued the slave from 
his captors. 

(e) The Kansas-Nebraska Bill proclaimed the 

Missouri Compromise null and void and 

opened anew the whole slavery question. 

This bill is chiefly significant because it 

renew^ed the contest between the North 

and the South, which had been thought 

settled by the Compromise of 1850. 

5. About 1800 the value of slave labor was small, 

but by 1830 cotton made it profitable. The 

prices of slaves rose, and border States like 

Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky found 



302 



ready sale for their surplus slaves in the 
cotton States. Hence, from the earlier idea 
that slavery was an evil to be got rid of, the 
southern people came to believe that it was an 
evil which could not be shaken off; then, that 
it was a good thing which ought to be extended : 
and gradually a line of justification of slavery 
was worked out, which may be analyzed as 
follows : — 

(a) That the negro was physically and men- 

tally inferior to the white man, so 
that the theory of equality of mankind 
did not apply ; and that the only way 
to keep southern society together was 
to hold the negro a slave under such 
incitements as seemed necessary to 
keep him at work. 

(b) That the slave was happiest and best off 

when somebody else fed him, clothed 
him, and cared for him in old age. 

(c) That the good of the whites required 

slavery, for it would be impossible to 
clear the land without forced labor; 
and slavery gave to the white race a 
sense of responsibility and mastery. 

(d) That slavery was necessary for Demo- 

cratic government, because it set the 
master free to attend to his political 
duties. As Calhoun put it, ''Slavery 
forms the most solid and durable foun- 
dation on which to erect free institu- 



303 

6. As free States. Because Kansas and Nebraska 

both lay in that part of the Louisiana Purchase 
north of 36° 30' which was to be free soil. 

7. (a) Because some States having seceded from 

the Union, it was necessary after the war 
to decide what was to be done with these 
States, or just how they were to re-enter 
the Union. Hence, we might say, that one 
of the first duties after the war was to re- 
construct the Union. The main question 
at issue was "Did the eleven former se- 
ceded States still have all the dignity, 
equality, and rights of the States unim- 
paired?" 
(b) Andrew Johnson (1865-1869). 

8. (a) The blockade during the Civil War pre- 

vented the South from having any inter- 
course with other nations, and obtaining 
supplies from them. No cotton could be 
exported, and thus the revenues of the 
South were greatly reduced. It rendered 
difficult the purchase of arms and muni- 
tions of war, a vital blow, as the South had 
few gun factories or machine shops. This 
raised the prices of all imported goods in 
the Confederate States. Flour brought, 
in Confederate currency, $40 a barrel; 
calico, $30 a yard; coffee, $50 a pound. 
Dried sage, raspberry, and other leaves 
were substituted for the costly tea. "Woolen 
clothing was scarce, and the army de- 
pended largely on captures of the ample 
Federal stores. Pins were so scarce that 



304 

they were eagerly picked up in the streets. 
Paper was so expensive that matches could 
no longer be put up in boxes. Sugar, 
butter, and white bread became luxuries 
even for the wealthy. Salt, being a neces- 
sity, was economized to the last degree, old 
pork and fish barrels being soaked and the 
water evaporated so that not a grain of 
salt might be wasted. Women wore gar- 
ments that were made of cloth carded, 
spun, woven, and dyed by their own hands. 
Large thorns were fitted with wax heads 
and made to serve as hairpins. Shoes were 
manufactured A\dth wooden soles, to which 
the uppers were attached by means of 
small tacks. It was the blockade rather 
than the ravages of the army that sapped 
the industrial strength of the Confederacy. 

(b) The battle fought between the Monitor and 
the Merrimac caused a revolution in naval 
warfare. This was the greatest naval 
battle of modern times. When it ended, 
neither ship was disabled; but they were 
the masters of the seas, for it was now 
proved that no wooden ships anywhere 
afloat could harm them. The days of 
wooden naval vessels were over, and all 
the nations of the world were forced to 
build their navies anew. 

9. Presidential Duties. — The duties of the presiden- 
tial office, so various and so burdensome, are 
summed up in the provision of the Constitu- 



305 



tion ''He shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed. ' ' 

Section 3. — ''He shall, from time to time, give 
to the Congress information of the state of the 
Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient. He may, on extraordinary occa- 
sions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; 
and in case of disagreement between them mth 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper. He shall receive ambassadors and 
other public ministers. He shall take care that 
the laws be faithfully executed; and shall 
commission all the officers of the United 
States." 

Duties of Congress. — "The Congress shall as- 
semble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in De- 
cember, unless they shall by law appoint a 
different day." 

*'Each House shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, 
excepting such parts as may in their judgment 
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the 
members of either House on any question shall, 
at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be 
entered on the journal." 

"Neither House, during the session of Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two Houses shall 
be sitting. ' ' 



306 



Duties of the United States Supreme Court. — The 
peculiar province of the Supreme Court is to 
interpret the Constitution, and in all conflicts 
between a State and the Nation, the final deci- 
sion rests with the Supreme Court of the United 
States. 

10. (a) The country was mainly agricultural and 

manufactured goods were received from 
abroad. England had passed laws before 
the Revolution prohibiting the manufac- 
ture of certain articles. The raw materials 
were sent to England and the manufac- 
tured products received in exchange. The 
slight protective tariff of 1789 increased 
manufactures, and the War of 1812 still 
more so. 
(b) Our manufactures are now protected by a 
^'Protective Tariff." 

11. (a) In October, 1913, General Huerta abolished 

Congress and made himself Dictator of 
Mexico. The presidential election held in 
Mexico, October 26, 1913, was a mere 
mockery. General Huerta decided not to 
be a candidate for President. He did not 
need to be, for the Constitution continues 
a provisional president in office, when there 
is no choice by the voters. Huerta was able 
to see that there was no choice, and re- 
mained provisional president. The Con- 
stitutionalists (so-called rebels) under 
General Carranza made every effort to 
overthrow Huerta 's government. The 
Constitutionalists held all the States in 



J07 



northern Mexico. Huerta had control in 
the State of Mexico, four States nearby, 
and six small States in the South. The 
United States protested against the con- 
duct of General Huerta. 

For months Mexico was the scene of fierce 
battles between General Carranza's I'ehel 
Constitutionalists and the Huerta Federal- 
ists. All nations were very much con- 
cerned about the safety of their subjects 
who were residents in Mexico. During 
all this time war with the United States 
was often imminent. President Wilson 
and Secretary Bryan were loathe to throw 
the United States into war (1914). 
(b) Conditions in Mexico^ September, 1914. — 
Mexico is now being governed by the Con- 
stitutionalists. General Carranza and his 
army entered Mexico City, August 16th. 
Thus, after a struggle of a year and a half, 
Huerta has been driven from power and 
Carranza and Villa control the govern- 
ment. Unable any longer to keep his 
place, Huerta resigned in favor of Car- 
bajal, who in turn fled before the Consti- 
tutionalists. 

The change of government brought only 
slight disorder, and peace is being rapidly 
restored throughout the country. 

Carranza will remain in authority until a 
general election can be held. 

United States troops will hold Vera Cruz 
until the new president is installed. It 



308 

seems probable that Carraiiza will be the 
man. 
Thus, President Wilson's purpose to restore 
orderly government in Mexico has suc- 
ceeded, and succeeded without a war ; for 
the taking of a single seaport with only a 
few minutes' fighting can hardly be re- 
garded as a war, 

12. (a) The Supreme Law of the Land. — The 

supreme law^ of the land consists of three 
separate bodies of laws, namely : — 

1. The Constitution and its amendments. 

2. All laws made by Congress from 1789 

till the present time. 

3. All treaties made from 1789 till the 

present time, 
(b) The Supreme Court of the United States. 

13. Problems of our country, as stated in President 

Wilson's Message, 1913: — 

(a) Our duty toward Mexico. 

(b) Reformation of the currency and bank- 

ing laws. 

(c) Self-government for Porto Rico, Hawaii 

and the Philippines. 

(d) Alaska to have full territorial form of 

government. 

(e) Government to build railways in Alaska. 

(f ) Laws for the better protection of minors, 

railway employees and life at sea. 
1914. — 1. Repeal of Panama Canal tolls. 

2. The use of our warships in time of 
peace to build up trade with South 
America through the Canal. 



309 

3. The carrying out of the Owen-Glass 

Currency Bill. (The selection of 
twelve cities for new reserve banks.) 

4. Woman suffrage. 

5. The change of the law against trusts, 

to give the government greater powers. 

6. The building of 1000 miles of railway 

to connect Alaska's coal fields with 
the coast was decided upon by the 
Alaska Railroad Bill, March, 1914. 
Work to be begun in the summer of 
1915, limit of cost to be $35,000,000. 
A railroad built by the government 
and owned by the government is a 
novelty for the United States. The 
deciding upon the route and the mak- 
ing of the plans is quite an important 
problem. 

7. The carrying out of the new tariff law 

with its sweeping reductions; of the 
law requiring a tax on the incomes 
of the rich; the turning of the navy 
into a great institution for the edu- 
cation of the enlisted men; are really 
the solution of important problems. 

14. Miles Standish.—^ee Set 52, No. 4 (f). 

Steuben was the disciplinarian of the American 

Revolutionary Army. 
Alexander Hamilton made a public speech on the 

patriotic side in July, 1774; he was only 17 

years of age and the Revolutionary fever was 

at its height. 



310 

Henry Clay was the author of the Missouri Com- 
promise and the Omnibus Bill. 

Stephen Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill in December, 1853. 

Daniel Webster was a distinguished American 
orator and statesman. 

John Hay is widely known for his dialect sketches 
and poems. 

William Taft was President of the United States 
from 1909 to 1913. He was president of the 
commission appointed by President Roosevelt 
to visit the Philippines and report upon their 
condition. 

Champ Clark is Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives (1913). In the debate regarding the 
repeal of the Panama Canal Toll, Speaker 
Clark, with Chairman Underwood, went 
against President Wilson, w^ho desired the re- 
peal, but the majority of the House refused 
to follow him. 

Woodrow Wilson is now President of the United 
States (1913). He was professor at Princeton 
College, and became prominent for his writings 
upon political science. He wrote "Congres- 
sional Government," "A Study in American 
Politics, and ''The State," also a historical 
book, "Division and Reunion, 1830-1880." 
15. (a) Lawler says Elizabeth, first permanent settle- 
ment in New Jersey, w^as founded in 1664. 
A few authorities say 1665. 
Meeting of the House of Burgesses, July 30, 

1619. 
Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. 



311 

Adoption of the Constitution, September 17, 
1787. 

Emancipation Proclamation issued September 
22, 1862, to go into effect January 1, 1863. 
(b) 1607 — The founding of Jamestown, Virginia, 
first permanent English settlement. 

1803 — Purchase of Louisiana. 

1812— The beginning of the War of 1812 
between the United States and Great 
Britain. 

1848— The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at 
the close of the Mexican War, 

1848 — Gold was discovered in California. 

1861— The attack on Fort Sumter, April 12th, 
when the first shot of the great Civil War 
was fired. 
16. (a) Nullification is the act of annulling a law, 
or declaring it of no effect. It is the formal 
suspension by a State government of the 
operation of a law of the United States 
within the territory under the jurisdiction 
of that State, 
(b) No; for on December 11, 1832, President 
Jackson issued the "Nullification Procla- 
mation," declaring nullification to be in- 
compatible with the existence of the Union, 

• and contrary to the Constitution. 



Set 61, 



1. See Set 10, No. 5. 

2. See Set 10, No. 6. 

3. See Set 10, No. 7. 



312 

4. See Set 3, No. 12 (e). 

5. See Set 8, No. 1. 

Set 62. 

1. Columhus attempted to find a western route to 

India because of the molestations of the Turks, 
who commanded the gateway to the Black Sea, 
as also the levy of excessive transit dues in 
Egypt. Besides Columbus' idea was to find a 
shorter, hence a less expensive trading route 
to India, since the trade with India was a 
source of great wealth to Southern Europe. 

2, 3. John Cahot. — An Italian, John Cabot, was com- 

missioned by Henry VII to seek a northern 
route for the spice trade. He sailed from 
Bristol, May, 1497, in a single vessel and dis- 
covered America, along the coast of Labrador, 
June 24th. Believing he had discovered Asia, 
he landed and claimed the land for the king 
of England. Eeturning a year later, he ex- 
plored the coast as far south as Cape Hatteras. 
These voyages gave England a claim to the 
Atlantic seaboard and the right to colonize 
North America. 
Cartier, a French master-pilot, sailed to the west 
and discovered the land since called New- 
foundland. Passing through the straits of 
Belle Isle, he sailed into a gulf which he called 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, because it was the 
feast day of that saint, August 10, 1535. Car- 
tier, in search of a northwest passage, ascended 
the St. Lawrence to Lachine Rapids, and Mon- 
treal. 



313 



Balboa. — While governor of Darien, Balboa 
crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered 
the Pacific Ocean in 1513, of which he took 
possession with its coast and islands, for Spain. 
This discovery made it clear that the new land 
was a new continent and not Asia. 

Henry Hudson. — This explorer made several 
voyages in search of a northwest passage. In 
the first expedition in 1607, he explored the 
coast of Greenland. In 1609, he commanded 
an expedition for the Dutch East India Com- 
pany. After coasting along Labrador, he sailed 
southward, touching at Newfoundland, Penob- 
scot Bay, Cape Cod and the Chesapeake. He 
sailed up the Hudson as far as the present site 
of Albany. On his last voyage in 1610, he 
entered the strait and bay which bears his 
name. His crew became mutinous because of 
severe hardships and set Hudson with eight 
companions adrift in a small boat. The un- 
fortunate explorer was never again seen nor 
heard from. 

Sir Francis Brake. — In 1579, Sir Francis Drake, 
another English sea captain, reached the 
Pacific Ocean by way of Magellan Strait. He 
explored the coast of California, spent a few 
weeks at San Francisco and afterwards re- 
turned to England by way of Good Hope, thus 
completing the second circumnavigation of the 
globe. On his arrival in England, Queen 
Elizabeth partook of a splendid banquet given 
by him. At the close of the banquet, the queen 
conferred upon Drake the honor of knighthood. 



314 

Magellan. — Magellan was the first to circumnavi- 
gate the globe. In 1520, he sailed along the 
coast of the new continent, passing through 
the strait which since bears his name, and 
across the Pacific to India. One of the ships 
of his fleet returned to the port of Spain, from 
which they started, having doubled the Cape 
of Good Hope and sailed around the world. He 
himself was killed by the natives of the Philip- 
pine Islands. 

De Soto. — In 1539, De Soto, governor of Cuba, 
sailed on an expedition to conquer Florida and 
explore the interior. They were accompanied 
by a number of missionaries to convert and 
instruct the conquered nations; for none 
doubted success. Having landed at Tampa 
Bay, De Soto pressed onward for more than 
two years, encountering many hardships. At 
length, he reached the banks of the Mississippi 
in 1541. He died a year later, beneath the 
shadov/ of the cross he had planted along this 
great river. Over his remains was chanted the 
first requiem ever heard in those wild regions. 
His body was sunk in the stream. 

Ponce De Leon. — The first Spanish expedition 
into North America was led by Ponce de Leon, 
who had accompanied Columbus on his second 
voyage, and had been later a governor of one 
of the West Indies. Hearing from the Indians 
of a country possessing gold and a wonderful 
spring that would restore youth to the aged, 
he sailed from Porto Rico, in March, 1513. On 
Easter Sunday, he came in view of the coast 



315 



near the site of the present city of St. 
Augustine and called the land Florida from 
Pascua Florida, the Spanish name for Easter. 
He attempted to found a settlement on this 
coast, but failed. Being mortally wounded by 
the Indians, he returned to Cuba. 
La Salle. — La Salle, one of the most illustrious 
explorers of our country, was born at Rouen, 
France. In early youth he entered the Society 
of Jesus; but after some years of study, he 
left the order, and started for Canada to 
build up his fortune, his own patrimony having 
been forfeited by the unjust provisions of the 
French law. In 1666, he sailed for Canada, 
and obtained from the Sulpitians a large tract 
of land near Montreal, which he named La 
Chine. In the winter of 1670, he started on 
an expedition towards the southwest, discovered 
the Ohio River, and sailed down as far as the 
site of Louisville. Having been appointed 
governor of Fort Frontenac, he was encouraged 
by Colbert to pursue the discoveries and ex- 
plorations which his ovm genius suggested. He 
built a vessel on Lake Erie, began his voyage 
in August, 1679, and passed through Lakes 
Huron and Michigan. At Peoria, having heard 
that his vessel, The Griffin, had been wrecked, 
he built a fort and returned by land to Kings- 
ton (1680). In 1682, with a large party, he 
renewed his enterprise, and descended the 
Mississippi in canoes from the Illinois River to 
the Gulf of Mexico (April, 1682). The next 
year he went to France, and having obtained 



316 

a commission to plant a colony in Louisiana, 
lie undertook a voyage to that region; but 
failing to find the mouth of the Mississippi, he 
landed in Texas. Here he encountered great 
hardships, and was at length murdered by 
some of his own followers. 
Coriez. — Ferdinand Cortez was a native of Spain 
and the conqueror of Mexico. At the age of 
fourteen, he was sent to the University of 
Salamanca to study law. Here he remained 
two years. In 1504, he sailed for the New 
World and w^as received with great favor by 
the governor of Hispaniola. (The island of 
Hayti, so named by Columbus.) Having been 
appointed commander of an expedition to 
Mexico, he, in 1518, set out for that country. 
Having reached the coast, he laid the founda- 
tion of Vera Cruz, and destroyed his ships to 
make retreat impossible. After a severe 
struggle, he overthrew the Mexican, or Aztec 
empire, and reduced it to the dominion of 
Spain. His victories caused him to be dreaded 
by some, and envied by others. At length, dis- 
gusted with the treacherous conduct of many 
around him, he returned to Spain. Here he 
was coldly received by the emperor, Charles V, 
and after a time, he fell so low in the royal 
favor that he could not obtain an audience. He 
finally withdrew from court, and died in soli- 
tude in the sixty-third year of his age. 
4, 5. (a) People emigrated from Europe to America 
on account of their greed of gold, and 
a desire for freedom of worship, as also 



337 



the thought of establishing a govern- 
ment after their own ideas. 
(b) These people came mostly from England, 
France, Spain and Holland. 
6, 7. New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Maryland, 
Virginia. 
New York was so named in honor of James, 
Duke of York, the brother of the king, 
Charles II. Peter Minuit. 
Pennsylvania, Penn's Woods, was the name 
given by Charles II of England to Penn's 
grant. William Penn. 
Georgia was so named out of compliment to 

King George II. James Oglethorpe. 
Maryland was so named at the request of 
Charles I, King of England, in honor of his 
Queen, Henrietta Maria. Lord Baltimore. 
Virginia was so called in honor of the maiden 
life of Queen Elizabeth. John Smith. 
8, 9. The Introduction of Negro Slavery into 
America : — 

(a) On an August day, 1619, a Dutch ship 

entered the James River, and before it 
sailed away, sold twenty negroes into 
slavery. The slaves increased in num- 
bers (there w^ere 2000 in Virginia in 
1671), and slavery spread to the other 
colonies as they were started, till, in 
time, it existed in every one of them. 
In 1775, there wxre half a million slaves 
in the colonies. 

(b) Tobacco and cotton raising were greatly 

helped by the importation of slaves. 



318 



Tobacco was mainly responsible for the 
introduction of negro slavery. 

10. Effects. — (a) Enriched European nations. 

(b) Made them more adventurous. 

(c) Introduced new industries. 

(d) New lands were added to their 

possessions. 

11. (a) Men with spirit and men with will and men 

physically strong were needed to plant 
colonies in the New World, for they were 
going into a wilderness in which not a 
house was standing; besides they had to 
fight against all hardships and struggle 
against famine, sickness, etc. 

(b) The Virginia settlers were aristocratic gen- 

tlemen, unwilling to work and instead of 
building houses, planting seed and pre- 
paring for the future, they looked for gold. 

(c) The Massachusetts colonists were sturdy men 

of culture, who came to found homes 
where freedom of religious worship could 
be enjoyed. 

12. 13. English. — In the northern part and along the 

Atlantic coast. 
French. — Central parts of America, along the 

St. Lawrence and Mississippi 

Rivers. 
Dutch. — New Amsterdam (New York). 
Spanish. — Southern parts of Mexico and 

Florida. 
Swedes. — Delaware. 
14, 15. (a) 1. To carry on trade and commerce. 
2. For the sake of the fisheries. 



319 



3. To hold the land drained by the rivers, 
(b) Clothing, — Skins of animals, etc. 

Food. — Game ; corn and tobacco ; fish and 
oysters. 

Set 63. 

1. South Carolina, IMississippi, Florida, Alabama, 

Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, 
North Carolina and Tennessee belonged to the 
Confederacy. Richmond, Virginia, was its 
capital. Jefferson Davis was its president, and 
Alexander Stephens, its vice-president. 

2. The invention of the reaper, the mower, the 

thrashing machine and the horse rake greatly 
aided the farmers. The value of McCormick's 
reaper was not recognized at first, and not till 
McCormick had gone on horseback among the 
farmers of the West and secured written orders 
for his machine, did he persuade a firm in 
Cincinnati to make them. 
The great feature in the development of manu- 
facturing was the introduction of the factory 
system, i. e., the plan of making articles by the 
help of machines in factories instead of at the 
homes of workmen. In 1790, Samuel Slater 
began the operation of the first good cotton- 
spinning machinery in this country. About a 
quarter of a century later, Francis C. Lowell 
started the first factory which carried on all 
the processes of making cotton goods — from 
raw fiber to cloth — by improved machinery, in- 
cluding the power loom. To furnish power for 
cotton, woolen, and paper mills, dams were 



520 



built on the falls of the rivers in the Eastern, 
Middle and Southern States. 

The effect of new mechanical appliances on the 
movement of population was amazing. The 
day when emigrants settled along the banks of 
streams, pushed their boats up the rivers by 
means of poles, carried their goods on the 
backs of pack horses, and floated their produce 
in Kentucky broadhorns down the Ohio and 
Mississippi to New Orleans, was fast disappear- 
ing. The steamboat, the canal, the railroad, 
had opened new possibilities. Land once value- 
less as too far from market suddenly became 
valuable. Men grew loath to live in a wilder- 
ness; the rush of emigrants across the Missis- 
sippi was checked. The region between the 
Alleghanies and the great river began to fill 
up rapidly. During the twenty years, 1821 to 
1841, but two States, Arkansas and Michigan, 
were admitted to the Union, and but three new 
Territories, Florida, Wisconsin and Iowa, were 
established. 

So few people went west from the Atlantic sea- 
board States that in each one of them except 
Maine and Georgia population increased more 
rapidly than it had ever done for forty years. 
From the Mississippi Valley States, however, 
numbers of people went to Wisconsin and Iowa. 

Difficulties in traveling westward, and the pov- 
erty of the frontier communities, suggested 
that the Federal Government build highways. 
The first act on the subject (in 1802) was that 
for the admission of Ohio, which provided that 



321 



live per cent, of the proceeds of the i^ublic 
lands sold in that State should be applied to 
roads to reach those lands. This idea took 
definite form in an act of 1806 for the survey 
of a road from Cumberland, Maryland, to the 
Ohio River. 

Construction of this National Road, or Cumber- 
land Road, began speedily; in 1820 it was 
opened to Wheeling, and was then continued 
westward to Columbus, thence to Indianapolis, 
and southwestward toward St. Louis. As soon 
as it was opened it became the great artery 
of western travel, for it was direct, had easy 
grades, and was macadamized. Congress in 
the course of thirty years spent upon it 
$6,800,000; but it was at last superseded by 
railroads, and about 1850 Congress transferred 
it to the States in which it lies. 

The most obvious line of western transit by water 
was from the Hudson up to the Mohawk, and 
across to Lake Ontario. The first statesman 
to take up the building of a canal on this route 
was De Witt Clinton, of New York, who saw 
the many advantages to the State and city of 
New York from a waterway which would make 
New York harbor the commercial mouth of the 
Great Lakes, thus diverting traffic from New 
Orleans. The War of 1812 gave impetus to 
this idea, because it showed how hard it was to 
transport men and supplies from the coast and 
the interior to the Lakes. 

The effects of the Erie Canal were marvelous. 
Lands all along the line at once trebled in value, 



322 

and the freight rate from tidewater to Lake 
Erie dropped from $120 a ton to $19. New 
York City increased from one hundred and 
twenty-four thousand people in 1820 to two 
hundred and three thousand in 1830, and has 
ever since remained the most populous city in 
the Union. After 1825, a large part of the 
overland emigration passed through the Erie 
Canal. 

3. Winfield Scott Schley, a rear admiral in the 

United States Navy, died October 2, 1911. He 
had witnessed the introduction of the new 14- 
inch gun for the battleships, and the new 5-inch 
gun for torpedo defense ; high explosive burst- 
ing charges, or projectiles; the submarine 
with its torpedoes. The use of wireless teleg- 
raphy and the aeroplane in naval warfare were 
being experimented on. The wooden men-of- 
war have been replaced by ironclad frigates. 
The battle between the Monitor and the Mer- 
rimac proved the value of ironclads. 

4. In 1769, William Bean crossed the mountains 

from North Carolina, and, building a cabin 
on the banks of Watauga Creek, began the set- 
tlement of Tennessee. James Robertson and 
a host of others followed in 1770, and soon the 
valleys of the Clinch and the Holston were 
dotted with cabins. In 1769 Daniel Boone, 
one of the grandest figures in frontier history, 
began his exploits in what is now Kentucky, 
and before 1777, Boonesboro, Harrodsburg, 
Lexington were founded. Sparse as was the 
population in 1789, the rage for emigration 



323 

had already seized the people, and long before 
1790 the emigrants were pouring over the 
mountains in three great streams. One, com- 
posed of New England men, was pushing along 
the borders of Lake Champlain and up the 
Mohawk Valley. A second, chiefly from Penn- 
sylvania and Virginia, was spreading itself 
over the rich valleys of what are now West 
Virginia and Kentucky. Further south, a 
third stream of emigrants, mostly from Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina, had gone over the 
Blue Eidge jNIountains, and was creeping down 
the valley of the Tennessee River. 
The object of the earliest emigrants was to found 
homes for themselves, and settle the vast tracts 
of fertile land lying west of the Alleghenies. 

During the hard times that accompanied and fol- 
lowed the War of 1812-15, a great emigration 
from the more easterly States had poured into 
the Mississippi Valley, rapidly filling up the 
fertile regions west of the Appalachian Moun- 
tains. 

The discovery of gold in California changed the 
purpose of some emigrants in 1848 and 1849. 

The South was, on the whole, sparsely populated, 
the white settlers owning large plantations on 
which all labor was done by their slaves. The 
white inhabitants of the South were mainly 
aristocratic gentlemen, unaccustomed to hard 
labor. The North was more densely populated ; 
the people lived in cities or towns, and were 
not holders of much property. They were a 



324 



hard-workiug class, and were brave to dare 
any danger in the search for gold. 
5. Population. — See Set 49, No. 4 (a). 

Wealth. — In the South, slaves were almost the 
only form of great wealth. The wealth in the 
North was greater than that in the South. 

Natural Resources. — The resources of the South 
were boundless, but no free man would go in 
to develop them. The soil was fertile, but no 
free laborer could live on it and compete with 
slave labor, on which all agriculture, all indus- 
try, all prosperity in the South depended. The 
natural advantages were as great in the South 
as in the North. The Southerners had great 
seaports, rivers, forests, and mines; yet in 
most of the marks of civilization, the South 
Avas far behind the North. It had fewer and 
poorer cities, factories, railroads, schools, etc. 
For this disparity, which told heavily against 
the South during the Civil War, the main 
cause would seem to be slavery. 

Equipment for War. — Immediately after the or- 
ganization of the seceding States, preparations 
were begun for war. The South was gather- 
ing military stores and manning forts. When 
Lincoln was made President, the North had 
done nothing towards preparing for war. 
Even after Fort Sumter was seized by the 
Confederates, the Northern troops had to be 
raised and prepared for war. 

Advantages of the South. — The people of the 
South were more military in their habits than 
those of the North, and more accustomed to 



325 



outdoor life and to the use of firearms. The 
South had also the advantage of fighting on 
the defensive. Her armies moved upon shorter 
inside lines, and fought mostly in regions 
where the people were on their side. 
6. Because it shows that sanitation is neglected; or 
that there is carelessness in regard to the rules 
of sanitation, particularly cleanliness. 

Yellow and malarial fevers were very common 
during the rainy period in Havana, and hun- 
dreds of people died of these fevers every j^ear. 
By insisting on attention to cleanliness and en- 
forcement of the laws of sanitation as to dis- 
infection and sewerage, the death rate has been 
greatly reduced. 

During the French control in Panama, in one 
year alone twenty thousand died. The death 
rate was enormous. When the United States 
took possession, they first attended to sanita- 
tion. They eliminated the yellow-striped stock- 
ing species of mosquito, and this reduced the 
malaria. Now, the mortality in the Panama 
Canal Zone is less than that in our own city of 
Philadelphia. 

Set 64. 

1. (a) 1801 — War declared against Tripoli. 

1812— War of 1812. This has been called the 

Second War for Independence. 
1815 — Naval war conducted against Algiers. 
1846 — ^War with Mexico was declared May 

12th. 



326 



1861-1865— Civil War. 
1898— War with Spain. 

(b) Cause. — 1801, war against Tripoli, one of the 
North African pirate states, was caused 
by piracy against American vessels. 

Result. — Pirates were punished and con- 
quered. 

1812 — Cause. — Tlie impressment of American 
seamen. 

Result. — Freedom of commerce to the United 
States ; recognition of the United States 
by European powers as a leading nation, 
and the abandonment by England of the 
right of search and impressment. 

1815 — Cause. — Capture of American vessels 
by Algiers, one of the Barbary States. 

Result. — Liberation of American prisoners, 
indemnities for past captures, release of 
claim on the United States for tribute. 
This ended all trouble with the Barbary 
States. 

1846 — Cause. — The annexation of Texas; the 
disputed boundary line between Texas and 
Mexico. 

Result. — The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 
The boundary line between the two coun- 
tries was settled, the Rio Grande being 
made the boundary between Mexico and 
Texas ; California and New Mexico were 
ceded to the United States; the United 
States paid Mexico the sum of $15,000,000. 



327 

1861 — Cause. — Secession of the States; the 

slavery question. 
Result.— (!) The war cost nearly one million 
able-bodied men. 

(2) The national debt was increased 

to .$2,750,000,000. 

(3) An incalculable amount of prop- 

erty was destroyed. 

(4) The freedom of slaves was se- 

cured. 

(5) The Union was preserved. 
IS98— Real Ca/^se.— Spanish oppression in 

Cuba. 
Immediate Cause.— The blowing up of 
the Maine. 
Result.— SpRin gave up all title to Cuba, and 
ceded Porto Rico, Guam and the Philip- 
pines to the United States. The United 
States gave Spain $20,000,000. 

(c) Administ rations. 

1801— Jefferson. 
1812— Madison. 
1815— Madison. 
1846— Polk. 
1861— Lincoln. 
1898— McKinley. 

See Map No. 6. Louisiana Territory was pur- 
chased from France. Florida was purchased 
from Spain. Texas was annexed and admitted 
as a State. Oregon Territory was acquired 
by treaty with Great Britain. New Mexico 



328 



and California were ceded by Mexico. Gads- 
den Purchase was acquired from Mexico. 

3. Telegraph— Samuel F. B. Morse. 
TelepJione — Alexander Graham Bell. 
Use of Ether — Drs. Morton and Jackson. 
Cotton 6^*?i— Eli Whitney. 

Reaper — Cyrus H. McCormick. 

Steamboat — Robert Fulton. 

Sewing Machine — Elias Howe. 

Incandescent Electric Light — Thomas A. Edison. 

Phonograph — Thomas A. Edison. 

Lightning Rod — Benjamin Franklin. 

Vulcanizing of India Ruhher — Charles Goodyear. 

Galvanized Iron — Dr. John Revere, of New York. 

Laying of the Atlantic Cable — Cyrus W. Field, 

prime mover. 
Revolver — Samuel Colt. 
Printing Press — Richard M. Hoe. 

4. (a) See Set 4, No. 4. 

(b) This battle put an end to Lee's efforts to in- 
vade the North and was the turning point 
of the Civil War. 

5. Henry Clay. — In 1832 a State convention in South 

Carolina declared the tariff acts of Congress 
to be null and void, prohibited the payment of 
the duties, and threatened to leave the Union 
if force were used to collect these duties. 
Henry Clay, desirous of maintaining peace, sug- 
gested a compromise. He proposed a gradual 
lowering of the tariff of 1832 for ten years, 
until the duty would be as low as it had been 
in the tariff of 1816 {20% of the value of all 



329 

goods imported). This compromise became a 
law in 1833, and South Carolina repealed its 
ordinance of nullification. 

Henry Clay was the chief advocate of the Mis- 
souri Compromise. This compromise admitted 
Missouri with its slaves, but prohibited the ex^ 
tension of slavery into any territory of the 
United States north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes 
north latitude. 

Later on, he again appeared as peacemaker by 
presenting a bill known as the Omnibus Bill, 
or the Compromise of 1850 ; the bill became 
a law, and California was admitted to the Un- 
ion as a free State. 

Stephen A. Douglas. — In 1854, Stephen A. Doug- 
las, of Illinois, introduced the Nebraska Bill to 
organize a new territory in the region north 
of the Compromise line and west of Missouri 
(Compromise of 1820). He later amended his 
bill to provide for two territories, Kansas and 
Nebraska. It became a law May 30, 1854. 

Daniel Webster. —The tariff acts of 1824 and 1828 
aroused the South and brought to the front, 
through Jolin C. Calhoun and other South 
Carolinians, the idea of nullification, or the 
right of a State to declare any act of the Fed- 
eral Congress which was believed to be uncon- 
stitutional, null and void. In 1830, Senator 
Hayne, of South Carolina, proclaimed this 
doctrine in the United States Senate. He was 
answered by Daniel Webster, who, in a mas- 
terly oration, upheld the Constitution and the 



330 

Union, and denied the right of nullifieatiou 
and secession. In Webster's famous speech on 
this occasion are found these memorable words : 
' ' Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and 
inseparable." After concluding the Webster- 
Ashburton Treaty in 1842, Webster resigned 
from the cabinet. 
Charles Sumner. — Charles Sumner, of Massachu- 
setts, was a leader of the antislavery forces in 
the Senate. 

Set 65. 

1. (a) See Set 11, No. 8 (b). 

(b) The Stamp Act was a direct tax on the colo- 
nists requiring them to use stamped paper 
for newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, ad- 
vertisements and all legal documents. It 
was repealed March 18, 1766, because the 
colonists agreed not to buy, sell, or use the 
articles that had been stamped and to cease 
using English goods. This meant dire dis- 
aster to the London merchants and they 
joined with the colonists for the repeal of 
the law. 

2. See Set 11, No. 7. 

3. (a) The first census of the United States was 

taken in 1790, and showed a population of 
3,929,827. (Lawler.) 

(b) The census is the counting of the inhabitants 

of a country. 

(c) The census is compulsory on the Congress, 

and is taken every ten years. 

4. (a) See Map No. 1. 



331 



(b) This territory Avas purchased from France 
during Jefferson's administration in 1803. 

5. In the spring of 1807 the Clermont, a paddle- 

wheel steamer of twenty tons, designed by 
Robert Fulton, was launched on the Hudson 
at New York. It was one hundred and thirty- 
three feet long and eighteen feet wide. It made 
a successful trip to Albany — one hundred and 
fifty miles — in thirty-two hours, the first long 
voyage ever made by a steamboat. This won- 
derful feat opened the way for steam naviga- 
tion on our lakes and rivers. Steamboats mul- 
tiplied rapidly from this time, and by their 
means our commerce was developed with 
enormous rapidity. There were no railroads 
in the country at the time; our carrying 
agents were wagon trains, flat boats (rude 
rafts), pulled or rowed up and down rivers, 
and sailboats on the lakes and coasts. Steam- 
boats were put on the Ohio and Mississippi 
rivers, and were instrumental in hastening 
greatly the development of the western country. 
With the groA\i:h of railroads later, steamboats 
became less and less useful in domestic com- 
merce, and are gradually disappearing from 
our rivers. 

6. (a) During the Eevolutionary War our country 

was governed by the Second Continental 
Congress. This Congress acted as a mili- 
tary council, declared independence, drew 
up the Articles of Confederation, and pro- 
vided for the organization of State govern- 
ments. 



332 

(b) The Constitution of the United States was 
adopted September 17, 1787, at Philadel- 
phia. 

Set 66. 

1. See Set 6, Xo. 6. 

2, 3, 4. (a) In 1792, France was declared a Repub- 

lic. In 1793, its king, Louis XVI., was 
executed and ten days later the French 
Republic declared war against Great Brit- 
ain and Spain. The national sympathy of 
America went out to France as a friend, 
ally, and sister republic struggling against 
tyranny. 

By the treaty of 1778, the United States was 
bound to defend the French West Indies 
in case of "defensive war." The French 
expected that the United States, who were 
not yet on good terms with England, would 
directly, or by connivance, join in the war 
against Great Britain and Spain ; and 
they sent over a new ambassador, Genet, 
to carry out that policy. 

When the news of the outbreak of war was 
received in America, Congress was not in 
session, and President Washington decided 
quickly that the country was in no condi- 
tion for war. He accordingly, on April 22, 
1793, issued what is usually called the 
Proclamation of Neutralit}^, a declaration 
that the United States would "pursue a 
conduct friendly and impartial towards 
the belligerent powers." 



333 

Though Genet attempted to stir up the popu- 
lar feeling in favor of war, still through 
the firmness and decision of Washington, 
the people were calmed, Genet recalled, 
and neutrality preserved. This has a 
bearing on the Monroe Doctrine and leads 
up to it insomuch as it shows that from the 
first our government did not believe in 
mixing in troubles between foreign powers. 

(b) In Jefferson's first inaugural address he states 
his opinion of the essential principles of 
our government and consequently of his 
administration in these words : ' ' Peace, 
commerce, and honest friendship with all 
nations, entangling alliance with none." 
This shows that in Jefferson's time, the de- 
sire of our government w^as to observe 
neutrality. 

(e) The Whigs, in the campaign of ISiO, expected 
to revive, if possible, a protective tariff; 
home manufactures were increasing, and 
therefore they needed to be protected. 
America should try to make America and 
its needs and advancement their main 
work. The campaign was a boisterous one, 
full of great mass meetings. Somebody 
said that Harrison was fit only to sit in his 
log cabin and drink hard cider; the 
Whigs took up the slur, and log cabins on 
wheels, provided with barrels of hard cider 
Avere used as a popular argument to voters. 
Harrison was chosen by 234 electoral votes 
to 60 for Van Buren. The "log cabin and 



334 



hard cider" charged by his opponent had 
become a tower of strength to him; a 
"campaign ball" that was set rolling 
across the country. This campaign was 
without a precedent or a successor. It 
showed that the feeling of the people was 
in favor of one who represented their 
country, and its protection against any- 
thing that would aid foreign nations to the 
detriment of our own. 
(d) The gaining of our liberty emboldened the 
people of Europe and South America to 
strive for liberty. 

The French people declared France a repub- 
lic in 1792. 

Napoleon was overthrown in 1815, and after 
this the Holy Alliance put the Bourbons 
back on the throne of the Spanish empire. 

While Spain was occupied by the French, the 
American Spanish colonies became vir- 
tually independent, but all except La 
Plata (Argentine) accepted the restored 
Bourbon king in 1815. From La Plata in 
1817, the flame of revolution swept to 
Chile, thence to Peru and Colombia, and 
in 1821 it reached New Mexico. Except a 
few fortified seaports and the islands of 
Cuba and Porto Rico, all the vast posses- 
sions of Spain in the New World were 
turned into a group of Spanish- American 
republics. 

Monroe recognized the independence of six 
Spanish-American powers — La Plata, 



335 



ChilCj Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and a Cen- 
tral American group — for this change in 
the condition of South and Central Amer- 
ica was ver}' welcome to the United States, 
because we had sympathy with all people 
striving to be free, and also because now 
for the first time American ship owners 
and merchants were allowed to trade 
freely with South American ports. 

In 1823, the king of Spain invoked the aid 
of the other i)owers in suppressing the re- 
volt of his South American colonies. 

Naturally, Monroe's ideas would not fit in 
with this, and he felt it necessary to set 
forth his ideas in his message to Congress. 

(e) In 1815, the absolute sovereigns of the conti- 

nent of Europe, at the instance of Czar 
Alexander I, concluded an alliance, or 
agreement, called the ''Holy Alliance." 
Its object was the government of Europe 
by mutual concert based on the profession 
of Christian brotherhood. It ultimately 
tended toward the repression of all liberal 
and revolutionary opposition to the exist- 
ing political order. In 1828, the king of 
Spain invoked the aid of the other powers 
in suppressing the revolt of his South 
American colonies. President Monroe's 
enunciation of the ''Monroe Doctrine" in 
his message of December, 1823, was a reply 
to this threatened movement. 

(f) We have seen that Spain invoked the Eu- 

ropean powers to help her recover the 



336 



Spanish colonies in America. In 1821, 
the Russian government laid claim to the 
exclusive trade and occupation of the 
northwest coast, including part of Oregon. 
Both these acts of interference in America 
aroused the United States. 
Just at this time, George Canning, British 
Foreign Minister, made the friendly sug- 
gestion to our Minister in England to 
join him in a declaration against a trans- 
fer of a Latin-American (Spanish or 
Portuguese) state to another European 
power. Monroe was inclined to accept 
Canning's invitation, but John Quincy 
Adams, his secretary, was determined that 
the United States should make a separate 
and independent announcement. Monroe 
yielded, and allowed Adams to draft that 
part of the message of December 2, 1823, 
Avhich has been commonly called the ' ' Mon- 
roe Doctrine." 
(g) President Monroe's message to Congress, 
1823, later known as the Monroe Doctrine, 
advanced the following: — 

1. That the United States will take no 

part in European wars, 

2. That the United States will not in- 

terfere with any European colony 
already established. 

3. That the United States will regard as 

an unfriendly act by any European 
nation, the interference with any 
independent American government. 



83; 



4. North and South America are no 
longer open to colonization by Eu- 
ropean powers. 

Washington and Jefferson had both declared 
that the country should pursue a friendly 
course Avith all nations, not mixing in 
with their affairs. 

Monroe declared in substance the same, but 
also that "we should consider any attempt 
on their part to extend their s^^stem to any 
portion of this hemisphere as dangerous 
to our peace and safety." See above for 
all points of doctrine. 

The United States should extend its protec- 
tion over Mexico and South and Central 
America, because ' 4t is impossible that the 
allied powers should extend their political 
system to any portion of either continent 
without endangering our peace and happi- 
ness. ' ' 
(h) The doctrine has been maintained by the 
United States on many subsequent occa- 
sions, notably in matters relating to the 
Isthmus of Panama, and in the case of 
French intervention in Mexico under 
Maximilian. 

5, fi. Many people of the United States were greatly 
satisfied with the purchase of Louisiana, but 
some of the Federalists criticised it on the 
ground that it was unconstitutional, and 
others, because they thought the country was 
too large already. There is nothing in the 



338 



Constitution that gives the President author- 
it}^ to make such a purchase. 

Since there was nothing in the Constitution on 
the question of annexing territory, Jeffer- 
son asked for a constitutional amendment ; 
but his friends found authority in the old 
Federalist doctrine of implied powers. Jef- 
ferson himself admitted that he "stretched 
his power till it cracked." Since that day 
no one has questioned the right of the na- 
tion to acquire territory by purchase. 

The area of the United States was doubled in 
extent b}^ the Louisiana Purchase. The 
country was given the opportunity to expand 
without fear of foreign enemies. It gave 
the United States full control of the Missis- 
sippi River. 

Spain o^nled Florida, but it could hardly be 
said she governed it. There were but few 
settlements or forts, and the country was 
really held by various tribes of Indians, the 
chief of whom were known as the Seminoles. 
Eunaway slaves from Georgia and Alabama 
found it a safe place of refuge, and adven- 
turers saw in it an attractive field for their 
lawless operations. During the War of 1812 
there was continual trouble, which lasted 
after peace had been made ; Spain was either 
indifferent to complaints or helpless to keep 
order. In fact, there was regular border 
warfare. In 1817, General Andrew Jackson 
was sent to take command of the United 



339 



States forces. In his instructions he was 
allowed to pursue a flying enemy across the 
boundary, but he was not to attempt to take 
any Spanish post without direct orders from 
Washington. In the conduct of the cam- 
paign, however, he acted without regard to 
instructions. He accused the Spanish com- 
manders of aiding the Indians, — probably a 
true charge in some instances, — and took 
several of the towns and forts, among them 
Pensacola. He captured two British sub- 
jects, had them tried by court-martial, and 
prompth^ hanged them, though the evidence 
against them was of a very doubtful char- 
acter. Thus in a very short time he had 
violated the rules of international law, and 
brought the countrj^ to the verge of war Anth 
two nations. Pensacola w^as soon restored to 
Spain; but as it was evident that the 
Floridas would continue to be a troublesome 
possession, Spain became more willing to 
enter into negotiations for their cession to 
the United States, and, in 1819, a treaty for 
the purchase was signed at Washington. 
This was not ratified by both countries until 
1821. In consideration of the United States 
renouncing all claims upon Spain for spoli- 
ations, and agreeing to pay to American 
claimants $5,000,000, Spain ceded all the 
Floridas to the United States. 

7. The Erie Canal aided in the development of the 
West, for after 1825 a large part of the over- 



340 



land emigration passed through the Canal. It 
made life in the West easier and more com- 
fortable, by lessening the cost of transporta- 
tion. 

In the East, it made New York City the metropo- 
lis, the population increasing from 124,000 in 
1820 to 203,000 in 1830. The freight rate was 
reduced from .^^88 to $22.50 per ton, and finally 
to $6.50 per ton. It also gave a great impetus 
to our manufactures. The Eastern merchant 
could greatly extend his business. How far 
west he could send his goods depended on the 
expense of carrying them. When the cost was 
high, they could go but a little way without 
becoming so expensive that only a few people 
could buy them. After 1825, when the Erie 
Canal made transportation cheap, goods from 
New York City could be sold in Michigan and 
Missouri at a much lower price than they had 
before been sold in Pittsburg or Buffalo. 

The Erie Canal stimulated in a wonderful man- 
ner the growth of the whole state through 
which it passed. People naturally desire to 
live near an avenue of trade, hence many 
wished to purchase property or to settle along 
the line of the Canal. The people from other 
states came in and settled in towns and vil- 
lages along the route, bought farms, and so 
improved the country that the value of prop- 
erty along the Canal increased. 

8. The climate and soil of the South was adapted to 
the cultivation of the cotton plant. Cotton be- 



341 



came the main staple of the South. It was 
soon thought that slavery was necessary in the 
South, for it was believed impossible to clear 
the land and develop the cotton plantations 
without forced labor. As negro slaves were 
the best laborers in the cotton fields, slavery 
came to be a valuable labor system. Another 
reason was that more work could be obtained 
from a slave than from a freeman. The ne- 
groes did not suit the North, and its colder 
climate did not suit them; therefore, the 
slaves were mostly in the South. 

After the invention of the cotton gin, and cotton 
became king in the South, there was a great 
influx of slaves ; while slavery began to disap- 
pear in the North because there was so little 
use to which a slave could be put. 

Some argued that considering the personal char- 
acteristics of the negro, he was happiest and 
best off, when somebody else fed him, clothed 
him, and cared for him in old age. 

The Abolitionists were those who wanted to de- 
stroy slavery where it already existed. They 
had a very effective method of agitation. Local 
societies were federated in a state society, 
which held an annual meeting. Meetings and 
local conventions were held from time to time 
to arouse public sentiment. The societies pre- 
pared petitions to the state legislatures, and 
to Congress, and did everything they could to 
interest people and to make them Abolitionists. 
Newspapers were founded, books and almanacs 



342 



were prepared and freely illustrated with pic- 
tures of the horrors of slavery. 
Meetings, societies and publications all caused an 
astonishing uproar. In the South, practically 
nobody was allowed to advocate abolition. 
Since the agitators were all north of the Mason 
and Dixon line, and the thing to be reformed 
was all south of it, the Southerners looked on 
abolition as a wicked method of making them 
trouble. The action of the Abolitionists caused 
great excitement throughout the South. They 
had Hooded the South with newspapers, pam- 
phlets, and pictures, intending to arouse a sen- 
timent for instant abolition; but the South 
declared that these were insurrectionary, 
and likely to incite the slaves to revolt. The 
South, therefore, called on the North to sup- 
press abolition societies and stop the spread of 
abolition papers. To do such a thing by legal 
means was impossible ; so an attempt was made 
to do it by illegal means. In some places in 
the South, the postmasters seized antislavery 
pamphlets going through the mails, and the 
people burned them. From the legislatures of 
five Southern States came resolutions calling 
on the people of the North to suppress the 
Abolitionists. Nobody was more hated and de- 
spised than the Abolitionists. 

10. Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli are in the 
northern part of Africa, bordering on the 
Mediterranean Sea. 



343 



In 1801, the Dey of Tripoli, incensed at the re- 
jection of his demand for increased tribute, 
declared war against the United States. This 
war dragged on until 1804, Avhen the govern- 
ment sent a larger naval force to the Mediter- 
ranean and compelled Tripoli to make a treaty 
of peace, the most satisfactory ever w^rung 
from a Barbary State up to that time. It was 
not, however, until 1815 that these pirates were 
finall}^ suppressed. 

Set 67. 

1. (a) William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, 
was a celebrated English Quaker. He be- 
came a Quaker Avhile in college at Oxford. 
Refusing to wear the customary student's 
gown, he with others violently assaulted 
some fellow-students and took their robes 
from them. For this he was expelled. His 
father Avould not allow him to return 
home, but afterwards relented and sent 
him to Paris, Cork, and other cities, to 
soften his Quaker peculiarities. After 
several unhappy quarrels, his father pro- 
posed to overlook all else if he would only 
consent to doff his hat to the king, the 
Duke of York, and himself. Penn still re- 
fusing, he was again turned out of doors. 
He was several times imprisoned for his 
religious extremes. On the death of his 
father, to whom he had once more been 
reconciled, he inherited a fortune. 



344 



(b) Penn inherited from Charles II a grant of 

land west of the Delaware (1681), in pay- 
ment of a debt of £16,000 due his father 
from the crown. This tract Penn named 
Sylvania, but the king insisted upon call- 
ing it Pennsylvania (Penn's Woods), in 
honor of William Penn's father. The 
Duke of York added to this grant the 
present State of Delaware, which for many 
years was called "the three lower counties 
on the Delaware." 

(c) Penn wished to form a refuge for his Quaker 

brethren, who were bitterly persecuted in 
England. He at once sent over large num- 
bers, as many as two thousand in a single 
year. In 1682 he came himself, and was 
received by the settlers with the greatest 
cordiality and respect. 

2. See Set 37. No. 2. 

3. The Iroquois Indians of central New York were 

the bravest, handsomest, most powerful, and 
most bloodthirsty of the Indian clans of the 
Atlantic coast. They were divided into five 
nations: the Senecas, Cayugas (ki'-oo-gas), 
Onondagas (On-on-dah'-gas), Oneidas (0-ni'- 
das), and Mohawks. Of these, the Mohawks 
were the most cruel. They occupied the terri- 
tory from the Delaware and the Hudson to and 
beyond the St. LaAvrence and Lakes Ontario 
and Erie, besides isolated tracts in North Caro- 
lina and Tennessee. 



;{45 



4. Quebec. — Champlain. 
Boston. — John Winthrop. 
St. Augustine. — Menendez. 
Georgia. — James Oglethorpe. 
Rhode Island. — Roger Williams. 
New York. — Peter IMinuit. 

5. See Set 52, No. 4 (h). 

Set 68. 

1. (a) The original colonies are New Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Car- 
olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 

(b) The colonists took up arms in order to de- 

mand their rights from the mother coun- 
try. They did not intend at first to free 
themselves from England ; but, as the war 
progressed, they saw that independence 
was a necessary step to be taken. 

(c) Up to 1776, the war had been fought merely 

to secure a redress of grievances ; but from 
1776 on. it was a war for the life of a new 
and independent country. The desire for 
independence, entertained at first by only 
a very few, spread steadily after the out- 
break of hostilities. 

2. Marquis de Lafayette — French. 
Count D 'Estaing — French. 
Rochambeau — French. 

Count de Grasse — French. 
Baron John De Kalb — German. 



346 



Baron Steuben — Prussian. 
Count Casimir Pulaski — Polish. 
Count Thaddeus Kosciuszko — Polish. 

3. The settlers of Pennsylvania spent their frugal 

life in tilling their farms and spreading plenty 
around them. Grain, the most important crop 
of the colony, was sown by hand by the farmer. 
It was reaped with sickles, and thrashed with 
flails, or trodden out by the horses and cattle. 
The grain fields were not so large as the rice 
plantations, and were near the farmers' 
houses. The rice plantations were often of 
such extent as to be at quite a distance from 
the planters' homes. The rice fields of the 
Carolinas were much larger than the wheat 
fields of Pennsylvania. In the North, the 
farmer did his own work, with sometimes hired 
help. The planters of the South did not work, 
but used slaves to do the work. The Northern 
farmer found a market for his grain in nearby 
cities, while the Southern planter had to ship 
his rice to the other colonies along the coast, 
or to Europe. 

4. Princeton, in the west central part of New Jer- 

sey; Monmouth, in the eastern part of New 
Jersey; New Brunswick, in the east central 
part of New Jersey; Morristown, in the north 
central part of New Jersey; Hackensack, in 
the northeastern part of New Jersey; Wash- 
ington Monument, on Warren Street, opposite 
the Reading depot in Trenton; Washington's 
Crossing, a little creek on the outskirts of 



347 

Trenton; the ''Swamp Angel," at the corner 
of Perry Street and Clinton Avenue. The 
''Swamp Angel" is a gun used during the Civil 
War. It was located about five miles from 
Charleston, into which city it threw shells. 

5. (a) The founding of a settlement named Provi- 
dence. This was the beginning of Rhode 
Island. 
(b) Religious toleration is the allowance of relig- 
ious opinions and modes of worship in a 
State when contrary to those of the estab- 
lished Church or belief, or different from 
them. 
Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
Georgia granted religious toleration. 

6. (a) Trenton has commission form of government. 
(b) In the old form of government the city was 
layed out in fourteen wards and each 
ward had two representatives, known as 
councilmen, who were elected by the votes 
of the people in their respective wards and 
worked without pay. They held monthly 
meetings for the purpose of making the 
laws, not conflicting with laws of the State 
and nation. 
Then there was a mayor, who had the power 
to veto or sanction any laws that might 
have passed the Council. If he vetoed 
them the Council still had the power to 
pass them "over his veto." Under this 
svstem each councilman was looking after 



348 



his own ward with less regard for the city 
at large. 

Under the commission form of government, 
the city of Trenton is governed by five 
commissioners, elected by the voters of the 
city at large. The government of the city 
is divided into five parts or departments, 
and each one of the commissioners is the 
director of a department for his special 
attention and recommendations, bnt all 
the commissioners vote finally on all propo- 
sitions. One of these commissioners is 
known as mayor, bnt he is without the 
power to veto. 

7. (a) The French treated the Indians kindly and 
entered into an alliance with the Ilurons 
and Algonqnins. French merchants en- 
gaged in fur trade with the Indians, and 
French priests endeavored to convert 
them to Christianity. The only Indian 
tribe that was hostile to the French was 
the Irocjuois, because the French, under 
Champlain. had taken sides with the 
Hurons and Algonqnins, their enemies. 

The English, on the other hand, were cruel to 
the Indians. They drove them from their 
lands, took possession of these, and often 
went to war against them. This embit- 
tered the Indians, and they, time after 
time, made attacks on the English settle- 
ments and destroved them. 



349 



(b) The French granted religious toleration. In 

some colonies the English granted relig- 
ious freedom ; in others, freedom of wor- 
ship was not tolerated. 

(c) The English settlements consisted of colonies 

of men and women who made homes for 
themselves, tilled the soil, carried on trade, 
had their schools and churches, formed 
towns, and took an active part in the gov- 
ernment. The French set up trading posts, 
forts, and mission stations. These were 
widely separated, and about them were 
gathered only a few families. There was 
scarcely a sign of self-government, the 
governor being an officer of the French 
king. 

(a) Lord Berkeley, who held half of New Jersey 

under English title, sold his interest in 
1674, and two years later, 1676, it passed 
into the hands of William Penn and two 
other Quakers, or Friends, giving to these 
Friends, West Jersey, and to Sir George 
Carteret, East Jersey. 

(b) In 1682, East Jersey passed into the hands 

of William Penn and eleven other Quakers. 
The sale and division of shares in East 
and West Jersey went on, and the proprie- 
tors were soon too numerous to manage 
their government. Disorders arose which 
they could not suppress, and in 1702 they 
asked Queen Anne to take charge of the 
province. So East and West Jersey were 



350 



again united into a single colony with 
New York under one governor, but with a 
separate assembly. Thirty-six years later, 
1738, at the earnest request of the people, 
New Jersey was set apart as a distinct 
royal province. 

9. About 1750, many English people would have 
been found in Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massa- 
chusetts and New Jersey. 
Many Germans would have been found in Penn- 
sylvania, some in Virginia, in the Carolinas, 
and some in Maryland. 
There was no colony to which the Scotch-IrisJi did 
not go, but more went to Pennsylvania than to 
any other. 
Many Dutch settled in New York, South Carolina, 
Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Jersey. 
10. (a) The part played in the Revolution by New 
Jersey has been frequently told. Events 
passed rapidly after the affairs of Trenton 
and Princeton; Monmouth and Red Bank 
will never be forgotten, while the raids at 
Salem, Springfield, Elizabeth, in the valley 
of the Hackensack, and the w^inter at Mor- 
ristown are a part of national history. 
Occupying a position between New" York 
and Philadelphia, its soil was a theatre 
where the drama of war was always finding 
its expression in open hostility, or in the 
barbaric cruelties of the "Pine Robbers" 
of Monmouth, Burlington, Gloucester and 
Salem Counties. 



351 



(b) Battle of Trenton. — Washington now deter- 
mined to strike a decisive blow. Three 
regiments of Hessians under Colonel Rahl 
were stationed at Trenton. On ChristmavS^ 
night, while the Hessians were celebrating 
the holiday, Washington crossed the Dela- 
ware through the floating ice. It was bit- 
terly cold, and a blinding snowstorm was 
raging. After innumerable difficulties he 
reached the east bank, marched nine miles 
to Trenton, where he fell upon the Hes- 
sians and completely routed them. One 
thousand men and thirty -two officers were 
taken prisoners. Colonel Rahl was mor- 
tally wounded. The Americans lost only 
four men. With his prisoners and military 
stores, Washington now recrossed the Dela- 
ware. 

Battle of Princeton. — Cornwallis, hearing of 
the disaster at Trenton, rushed on with 
eight thousand men to attack Washington, 
who had again crossed the Delaware. The 
Americans had taken a position near Tren- 
ton, on the south bank of a small stream 
— the Assunpink — that flowed into the 
Delaware. Cornw^allis arrived late in the 
day and postponed his attack until the 
next morning. With the Delaware full of 
floating ice, Washington 's retreat was cut 
off and his position was extremely danger- 
ous. Cornwallis. viewing the situation, 
exclaimed with joy, ^'At last we have run 



352 



down the old fox and we will bag him in 
the morning." But Washington did not 
intend to be caught. While his men were 
apparently throwing up intrenchments, 
and the camp fires were burning brightly, 
Washington slipped up the little creek, 
passed behind Cornwallis, and fell on his 
rear guard at Princeton. The roar of can- 
non in his rear awoke Cornwallis to his 
danger. The British were defeated. 
Washington took a strong position at Mor- 
ristown Heights; and as this threatened 
his line of supplies, Cornwallis ordered a 
general retreat of the British to New York. 

Battle of Monmouth. — The British govern- 
ment, alarmed by the sending of the 
French fleet, ordered Clinton, the successor 
of General Howe, to evacuate Philadelphia 
and concentrate his forces at New York. 
Washington rapidly followed the British 
across New Jersey, and overtook them at 
Monmouth. General Lee, who conducted 
the attack, ordered a retreat. The men, 
entangled in a swamp, were becoming de- 
moralized as they retired from the field, 
when Washington, riding up, bitterly re- 
buked Lee, rallied the men, and sent them 
back against the enemy. The fight lasted 
all that long, sultry day. In the night 
Clinton stole away with his men to New 
York. 



353 



11. The first settlers traveled about ou foot, on 
horseback, or by means of the stagecoach. 
It was not until roads were made that 
wagons were used as a means of convey- 
ance. The stagecoach was a little better 
than a huge covered box mounted on springs. 
It had neither glass windows, nor door, nor 
steps, nor closed sides. The roof was up- 
held by ten posts which rose from the body 
of the vehicle, and the body was commonly 
breast high. From the top were hung cur- 
tains of leather, to be rolled up when the day 
was fine, and let down when it was rainy and 
cold. Within were four seats. The passengers 
clambered to their seats through the front of 
the stage and sat down with their faces tow^ard 
the driver's seat. 

Now we have the automobile, the motorcycle, the 
electric car, and the railroad as a means of 
travel. Our railroad coaches are well equip- 
ped, heated by steam, lighted by electricity, 
and provided with comfortable seats. 

On land, Indian trails were at first the only roads. 
When roads were cut through the country, 
wagons came into use. Even on the best roads 
the ruts were deep, the descents precipitous, 
and the passengers were often forced to get 
out and help the driver pull the wheels out 
of the mud. Breakdowns and upsets were of 
everyday occurrence. Yet bad as the roads 
were, the travel was so considerable that very 



354 

often the inns and taverns even in the large 
cities eoiild not lodge all who applied. 

In our day, roads are constructed everywhere, 
making travel much less cumbersome than in 
Colonial times. The States build roads and 
keep them in repair. Great numbers of peo- 
ple travel every day, some for business, and 
some for pleasure. 

As the means of travel were poor in the early 
days, and the time consumed in going even 
fifty miles was great, the country was thought 
to be immense in extent. The people at that 
time did not travel long distances as they do 
now. The towns and cities were further apart 
than they are now; the means of travel were 
poor and few; the time required was much 
longer than at present, and travel was accom- 
panied with many dangers. It re(iuired two 
days to travel from Trenton to Philadelphia; 
now the trip can easily be made in an hour. 
In Colonial times it took six days to travel 
from Boston to New York. Now we can travel 
across the continent from Philadelphia to San 
Francisco in less time. 

12. (a) A patroon was the proprietor or founder of 
a settlement of fifty persons over fifteen 
years of age. He was at once owner, ruler 
and judge, 
(b) Under the patroon system vast estates came 
into the hands of a few families. The 
holders of land in the old Dutch patroon- 
ates in New York paid to the descendants 



355 



of the patroons an annual ground rent, or 
"quitrent," of from $7 to $18 a year for 
each hundred acres. Many of the tenants 
on these vast farms, believing the War of 
the Revolution had destroyed the title of 
the patroons to this property, failed for 
years to pay them rent, and when it was 
finally demanded, rose in arms. They held 
"Anti-Rent"' meetings, paraded the coun- 
try in masks and disguises, and attacked 
sheriffs and drove out the rent collectors. 
For about ten years discontent and dis- 
order prevailed throughout these dis- 
tricts. Finally after the courts had rec- 
ognized the titles of the patroons, a 
compromise was eff'ected by which the 
proprietors sold the lands to the tenants 
at a reasonable price. 

Description of a Patroon Estate.— The pa- 
troon estate was a tract of land with six- 
teen miles frontage on one side of the river, 
or eight miles along each bank, and ran 
back into the country as far ' ' as the situa- 
tion of the occupiers would admit." The 
settler, on his part, could not leave the es- 
tate to become the tenant of another. Be- 
sides paying the rent, the tenant was com- 
pelled to have his corn ground at the 
patroon 's mill, giving the patroon one- 
tenth for grinding, to plant orchards, clear 
the forest lands, build barns, pay all the 
taxes, use only cloth made in Holland, 



356 



neither fish nor hnnt on the patroon's 
property, and if he died without a will, the 
patroon was to get all his property. He 
was also required to contribute to the sup- 
port of the minister of the manor church. 
He could not keep a tavern or carry on a 
trade on the farm, and if he sold his lease 
he was required to pay to the landlord 
one-third of the amount received. 

Set 69. 

1. The Cahots, John and his son Sebastian, were 

Italian sailors who sailed to find a northern 
route to the Spice Islands. They were in the 
service of Henry VII of England, and discov- 
ered the continent of America, probably on the 
coast of Labrador. 

Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, led the first Spanish 
expedition. He discovered (1513) Florida, and 
attempted to found a colony on its coast, but 
failed. He died in Cuba. 

Cortcz, another Spaniard, set out from Cuba to 
conquer Mexico. He landed on the site of the 
present city of A^era Cruz, 1519, with four hun- 
dred fifty men. Making an alliance with 
the enemies of the Aztecs, he succeeded in 
breaking their power, and Spain took posses- 
sion of the countr3\ 

2. Pennsylvania was settled by the Quakers under 

William Penn in 1681. It had a proprietary 
o"overnment. 



3. See Set 39, Xo. 10. 

4. England had in Europe well-disciplined troops 

and generals, also a good navy. All these she 
could call upon to assist her in subduing the 
colonies. She had money at her command, she 
had here in America quite a strong Tory party 
which would support her authority and give 
her information regarding the movement of the 
Colonial troops. She had years of experience 
ahead of her. 
America had the advantage of fighting on her 
own soil, of knowing the country over which 
her troops had to travel, her money resources 
were few, but she had the loyal adherence of 
hundreds of faithful colonists. Her young of- 
ficers and troops, trained in the French and 
Indian AVar, were crude but brave. Above all, 
her cause was a just one, she was fighting for 
liberty, for her homes, and this inspired her 
men to brave deeds. 
5. The cotton gin was a machine invented by Eli 
Whitney, by means of which cotton could be 
cleaned. The Southern States began the cul- 
tivation of cotton in 1787. The experiment suc- 
ceeded, but a serious difficulty arose. The cot- 
ton plant has pods which, when ripe, split open 
and show a white woolly substance attached to 
seeds. Before the cotton could be used these 
seeds had to be picked out. The labor was very 
great, and only a small quantity could be sent 
to market. A negro slave could not clean two 
pounds of it in a day. With the gin, the same 



358 



slave in the same time, could clean a hundred 
pounds. The invention of the cotton gin made 
cotton planting very profitable ; it brought im- 
mense wealth to the South ; it covered New 
England with cotton mills ; and by making 
slave labor profitable, it did more than any- 
thing else to fasten slavery on the United 
States for seventy years, and brought about 
the great Civil War. 

6. All the land between the Oregon country and 

Mexico and the Mississippi River, and between 
the Dominion of Canada and the Gulf of Mex- 
ico ; over 1,000,000 square miles. The purchase 
was made in 1803, during Jefferson's adminis- 
tration. 

7. Lafayette visited the United States in 1824-1825 

as "the nation's guest." He visited each of 
the twenty-four States, and was everywhere 
welcomed with delight. The people looked 
upon him as the representative of the Eevolu- 
tion, and so, in rendering honor to him, there 
was a gratification of national pride. 

8. See Set 41, No. 2. 

9. Answers will differ according to time. 

10. Results of the Civil 1U«/'. 

(a) The war cost nearly one million able-bodied 

men. 

(b) The national debt was increased to $2,- 

750,000,000. 

(c) An incalculable amount of property was 

destroved. 



359 

(d) The freedom of the slaves was secured. 

(e) The Union was preserved. 

Set 70. 

1. Circumstances That Led to the French and Indian 

War. 
Remote — (a) The conflicting claims of terri- 
tory. 
(b) The enmity between England 
and France. 
Immediate — The settlement of the Ohio Valley. 

2. Causes That Led to the Louisiana Purchase. 

(a) The closing of New Orleans to the com- 

merce of the United States. 

(b) The extremity of Napoleon. 

It extended from the Dominion of Canada to the 
Gulf of Mexico, and from the Mississippi River 
to the Rocky Mountains. 

3. On the night of August 24, 1814, Francis Scott 

Key was detained on one of the British ships 
whither he had gone to secure the release of 
some prisoners. By the flash of the guns while 
watching eagerly the flag still flying over Fort 
McHenry, which at that time was being bom- 
barded, he wrote our national hymn, "The 
Star Spangled Banner." 

4. (a) In 1844, the first telegraph line was erected 

betw^een Baltimore and Washington. 
(b) By this invention, cities in all parts of the 
world can be brought into almost instant 
communication. Trade and commerce have 



360 



been much increased. Business men can 
keep themselves acquainted with the quo- 
tations of the world's great markets every 
hour of the day. They can transact more 
business in five or six hours now than could 
have been transacted in as many months 
a hundred years ago. 

5. See Set 9, Xo. 1 (a). 

6. (a) At the election of James Monroe, Spain 

owned Florida. There were very few set- 
tlements, and the Indians, runaway slaves, 
and outlaws, who roamed through the land, 
caused endless trouble for the neighboring 
States. In 1817. Andrew Jackson took 
command of the forces of the United 
States. Acting with his usual vigor, he 
seized a number of Spanish forts and 
towns, hanged two British traders who 
were accused of furnishing arms to the In- 
dians, and in three months had the coun- 
try virtually under his control. His 
actions threatened to cause us trouble with 
Spain and England. Fortunately Spain 
was induced to sell Florida for the amount 
offered — $5,000,000. Sixty thousand 
square miles were added to our domain by 
this cession, 
(b) See Map Xo. 1. 

Set 71. 

1. (a) Desire to find a home where they could prac- 
tice religious freedom, and a desire for 



361 

wealth were motives that led early colo- 
nists to the New World. 

(b) The settlers came to an unknown country, 
had no homes, were unaccustomed to the 
climate and hardships accompanying such 
a life, had poor food, and suffered from 
sickness and frequent attacks of the In- 
dians. 

2. See Map No. 1. 

3. (a) Causes of Dispute Between the French and 

English Colonists. 

(1) The French claimed Louisiana from 

the Rocky Mountains and the Rio 
Grande on the west, to the Alle- 
ghany Mountains on the east ; and 
from the Gulf of Mexico on the 
south, to New France on the north. 
This confined the English colonies 
to a narrow strip between the Alle- 
ghany Mountains and the Atlantic. 
As the colonies were growing in 
population, and as the charters of 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vir- 
ginia, and Carolina gave them great 
stretches of territory in the Missis- 
sippi Valley, a bitter contest for 
possession of the country took place 
between the French and the English 
in America. 

(2) The New England fishermen, too, en- 

croached on the French fisheries 



Se- 



near Acadia. This furnished an- 
other subject for dispute. 
(3) The settlement of the Ohio Valley was 
another cause of dispute between 
the French and English. 
(b) At the end of the intercolonial wars the Eng- 
lish colonists had been taught the neces- 
sity of uniting for a common purpose. 
These wars proved that the provincial 
troops were as fearless and capable as the 
British regulars. A body of Colonial offi- 
cers were trained in the art of war, and 
this served them in good stead at the out- 
break of the Eevolution. The colonists 
were taught self-reliance, and saw that 
they would have to rely upon themselves 
in future troubles. The germ of independ- 
ence was implanted in the colonists. 

4. (a) A Xew England Home Before the Revolution. 
— ]\Iost of the colonists lived in easily con- 
structed log houses, or in a frame structure, 
clapboarded or shingled. The better class 
of people, in some cases, had statelier 
houses constructed of brick made near the 
spot. Among the poorer families, the rude 
furniture was hardly more than floor, 
seats, and tables, all made of ' 'punch- 
eons," — i. e., of split halves of small tree 
trunks, — with a few pewter dishes, a fire- 
place and its utensils. The better houses 
had substantial oaken chests, chairs and 
tal)les, and handsome clocks. 



363 

The Dutch mansion was built usually of 
brick. Its gable end, receding in regular 
steps from the base of the roof to the sum- 
mit, faced the street. The front door was 
decorated with a huge brass knocker, bur- 
nished daily. 

(b) The Home of a Southern Planter Before the 
Civil ^yar. — There were no thickly settled 
towns and villages in the. South, but large 
plantations, and each family was sur- 
rounded by a numerous household of ser- 
vants. The negro (juarters formed a ham- 
let apart, with its gardens and poultry 
yards. An estate in those days was a lit- 
tle empire. The planter had among his 
slaves men of every trade, and they made 
upon the plantation most of the articles 
needed for common use. There were large 
sheds for curing tobacco, and mills for 
grinding corn and wheat. The tobacco 
was put up and consigned directly to Eng- 
land. 

The heads of these great Southern families 
lived like lords, keeping their packs of 
choice hunting dogs and their stables of 
blooded horses. 

Their spacious mansions were sometimes built 
of imported brick. Within, the grand 
staircases, the mantels, and the wainscot, 
reaching from floor to ceiling, were of 
solid mahogany, elaborately carved and 
paneled. The sideboards shone with gold 



364 

and silver plate, and the tables were loaded 
with the luxuries of the Old World. All 
labor was done by slaves. Even the super- 
intendence of the plantation and slaves 
was often committed to overseers, Avhile 
the master dispensed generous hospitality 
and occupied himself with social and polit- 
ical life. 

5. Alexander HamUfon was Secretary of the Treas- 
ur}', and his financial policy established the 
credit of the rising nation. 
Benjeimin Franklin helped to draft the Declara- 
tion of Independence and was one of its 
signers. Having been appointed Ambassador 
to France, he first invested all his ready money, 
$15,000, in the continental loan, a practical 
proof of his patriotism, since its repayment 
was extremely improbable. 

Rohert Morris repeatedly saved the army from 
ruin by providing the necessary funds by his 
own notes. 

W. T. Slierman won the victory for the Federals 
at Shiloh, by "his individual efforts." In the 
campaign against Yicksburg, at the battle of 
Chattanooga, in the advance upon Atlanta, 
and in the famous March to the Sea, his ex- 
ploits are matters of history. 

JJ. 8. Grant rendered invaluable service during 
the Civil War. He succeeded in taking Yicks- 
burg, gained bi'illiant victories about Chatta- 
nooga, and eompelUd the entire army of the 



365 



Confederates to surrender at Appomattox 
Court House, thereby ending the war. 

6. See Set 64, No. 1 (a and b). 

7. Slavery is the condition of a human being held as 

the property of another to be sold if desired. 

(a) The people of the North opposed slavery be- 

cause they were mainly a manufacturing 
people and had no need of slaves, as the 
slaves w^ere unfitted for their line of work. 
Slaves were an economic disadvantage to 
the North. The cold climate of the North 
did not suit the slaves; hence, most of 
them W'Cre to be found in the South. 

(b) The people of the South favored it, because 

the slaves were the best laborers in the cot- 
ton fields. As cotton Avas their main staple, 
slavery became a valuable labor system in 
the South. 

8. (a) Writer and Work. 

Henry W. Longfellow — Evangeline. 
Washington Irving — The Sketch-book. 
AVilliam Cullen Bryant — Thanatopsis. 
Edgar Allan Poe — The Raven. 
Nathaniel Hawthorne — House of the Seven 

Gables. 
John Greenleaf Whittier — Snowbound. 
Oliver Wendell Holmes — The Chambered 

Nautilus. 
James Russell Lowell — The Vision of Sir 

Launfal. 
(b) See Set 64, No. 3. 



366 

9. (a) See Set 10,, No. 6. 

(b) The secession of the Southern States was the 

withdrawal of these States from the Union. 

(c) See Set 27, No. 7 (b). 

10. See Set 25, No. 8. 

11. The House of Representatives and the House of 

Senate. Two houses are better than one in 
order to prevent hasty legislation. 

12. The President's cabinet is the officers or secre- 

taries of the various executive departments, 
who act as an advisory body for the President. 
The members of the cabinet are selected by the 
President and confirmed by the Senate. Sec- 
retary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secre- 
tary^ of War, etc. 

Set 72. 

1. Rhode Island — Freedom of worship. 
Virginia — Financial profit. 

Maryland — To establish a home for persecuted 
Catholics. 

Georgia — To found a home for poor debtors. 

Massachusetts — To obtain greater religious and 
civil freedom. 

Pennsylvania — To establish a home for the Qua- 
kers. 

New York — To hold the land for Holland; to 
make homes in a land free from religious per- 
secution. 

2. (a) Maryland, Pennsylvania. 
(b) Massachusetts, Virginia. 



367 

3. (a) (b) and (c) See Set 54, No. 2. 

4. (a) October 12, 1492. 

(b) 1565, St. Augustine, Fla. 

(c) 1649, Free schools in Massachusetts. 

(d) 1607, Jamestown, Ya. 

(e) 1619, Landing of Pilgrims. 

(f) 1609, Discovery of Hudson River. 

(g) 1683, Penn's treaty. 

5. (a) John Smith saved the colony from ruin. 

First as a member of the Council, and af- 
terwards as president, he rendered in- 
valuable service. He persuaded the set- 
tlers to build log huts for the winter. He 
made long voyages, carefully exploring 
Chesapeake Bay, securing the friendship 
of the Indians, and bringing back boat- 
loads of supplies. He trained the tender 
l^entlemen till they learned how to swing 
the axe in the forest. He declared that 
"he who would not work might not eat." 
He taught them that industry and self- 
reliance are the surest guarantees to for- 
tune. 
(b) After Smith returned to England, the set- 
tlers became a prey to disease and famine. 
Some were killed by the Indians. Some 
in their despair, seized a boat and became 
pirates. In six months the colonists were 
reduced from four hundred and ninety to 
sixty. 

6. (a) The Pilgrims left England because they were 

persecuted there on account of their re- 



368 



ligion. They refused to join the estab- 
lished Church of England and settled in 
Holland, where they were allowed religious 
freedom. 

(b) They did not wish their children to acquire 

the Dutch habits and customs, and speak 
the Dutch language, so they left Holland. 

(c) They were still Englishmen and wanted to 

live on land owned by England, therefore 
they sailed for America. They hoped to 
obtain greater civil and religious freedom 
in America than in Europe. 

(d) They reached America in 1620. 

(e) They made their first settlement at Ply mouthy 

^Massachusetts. 

Xew England farm and village life presented a 
strange contrast to that with which we are 
familiar. The first house of the settler was 
built of logs, the chinks daubed with clay, and 
the roof thatched with long grass. In the later 
and better class of dwellings, the logs Avere 
hewn square so as to need no chinking; or a 
frame was made of heavy oak timbers, well 
mortised and braced together, the sides were 
covered with split oak clapboards, and the roof 
with split cedar shingles, fastened with large 
wrought-iron nails. The windows consisted of 
two small lead frames, set with a few tiny 
diamond-shaped panes of glass (or sometimes 
oiled paper), and hinged so as to open out- 
ward against the house. As the building stood 
exactly facing the south, the sun "shone square 



369 



in" at nooii, and gave warning of the dinner 
hour. The doors were of oak plank, and were 
securely fastened at night by heavy wooden 
crossbars. 

In the center of the hovise, or externally in the 
poorer dwellings, rose a stone or brick chimney, 
about twelve feet square at the base, affording 
a fireplace large enough for seats to be placed 
at the side, where the children could sit in the 
winter evening and look up at the stars. In 
the better houses a brick oven was built beside 
the chimney. This was heated by a fire of fine 
"kindlings," then swept clean, and the bread 
or beans set in to bake. The bricks retained 
the high temperature for a long time, and the 
famous "rye and Indian" bread was left in 
the oven all night. To "lay the fire" was no 
small matter; for the back, a huge "back 
log," perhaps four feet long, was rolled in; 
then on the andirons was placed a "front 
log ; " between these were piled enormous quan- 
tities of smaller wood. 

Friction matches had not been invented, and* the 
fire was carefully kept over night in the ashes. 
If it unfortunately "went out," it was re- 
lighted by sparks from the flint-and-steel, or 
by live coals brought from a neighbor's hearth. 

The kitchen and the "best room" were the chief 
apartments. In the kitchen the center of at- 
traction was the great fireplace, with its swing- 
ing crane and pothooks to hold the iron pots 
for cooking. The room was rarely seven feet 



370 



high, and from the bare joists overhead hung 
bunches of herbs, seed corn, and long strings 
of drying apjDles. The furniture was plain : a 
tall wooden clock; a high-backed wooden set- 
tle ; a dresser set out with the cherished pewter 
dishes brought over from England ; a spinning 
wheel; and, perhaps, a loom for weaving. 

The "best room" was used only on state occa- 
sions. Ordinarily it was carefully closed and 
locked to keep out intruders. Not only the 
best room, but also the front door and the front 
yard were considered too good for everyday 
use. The front yard was carefully fenced off 
from the portion of the premises to which or- 
dinary people had access. The path through it 
to the front door was bordered by narrow beds 
of "posies," including holljdiocks, sunflowers, 
lilacs, pinks, sweet williams, peonies, etc. ; but 
our great-grandmothers had no geraniums or 
verbenas. 

The andirons were of brass that shone like gold. 
On the mantelshelf stood the high brass can- 
dlesticks and the accompanying tray and 
snuffers. There were no rugs or carpets, but 
the floor was sanded and marked off by the 
housewife in many a quaint design. Against 
the walls hung the family paintings, fondly 
cherished as mementos not only of the de- 
parted, but also of the life beyond the seas. 
Here, too, was the library containing a few 
Avell read books — for books were scarce and 



371 



costly, and reading was a serious matter, taken 
up for improvement and not for pastime. 
The tiny windows gave little light by day, and 
by night, the home-made tallow candles, or the 
pine knot on the hearth, shed but a faint or 
flickering illumination. 

Set 73. 

1. The leading events in connection Avith the Revo- 

lutionary War that took place in Pennsylvania 

during 1776-78 were: — 
The signing of the Declaration of Independence, 

July 4, 1776. 
The capture of Philadelphia in September, 1777, 

by General Howe. 
The battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. 
The battle of Germantown, October 4, 1777. 
The terrible winter, 1777-78, spent at Valle}^ Forge 

by the American army. 

2. See Map No. 7. 

3. The Ordinance of 1787. — This ordinance provided 

for the government of the Northwest Territory. 
It ordained that the propert}^ of a man who 
died there without a will should be divided 
equally among his children instead of giving 
all of it, or a double portion of it, to the eld- 
est son, as was generally done under Colonial 
laws. It gave freedom of worship to all, pro- 
vided for the establishment of schools, and 
forever forbade slavery in that region. It also 
provided that the territory, when it should be- 



372 



come populous enough, should be divided into 
States, which should be admitted into the 
Union on equal terms with the thirteen orig- 
inal colonies. On this plan the five great 
States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and 
Wisconsin have come into the Union, and new 
States have been formed on the same plan out 
of territories that have since been added to 
our national domain. This ordinance has also 
been the model for the organization of all the 
subsequent territories, though some of its pro- 
visions have been left out, notably that respect- 
ing slavery. 

4. (a) See Set 1, Xo. 8 (b). 
(b) See Set 3, Xo. 12 (d). 

5. William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips 

were opposed to slavery. John C. Calhoun 
was the champion of the States Rights men. 

6. For many years the Barbar}^ States on the north 

coast of Africa — Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and 
Tripoli — had made a trade of piracy. Prac- 
tically all the nations of Europe paid them im- 
mense sums of money to leave their vessels 
alone. These pirates had given us a great deal 
of trouble by capturing our shipping and im- 
prisoning our sailors. We had paid them a 
million dollars in tribute to allow our vessels 
to sail the Mediterranean, but they constantly 
demanded more, mitil in 1801 the ruler of 
Tripoli declared war against us. The British 
Government aided the pirates, and a British 
subject, named Lisle, was admiral of the Tripo- 



373 



litaii fleet when war was declared against us. 
In 1803 a fleet was sent against these pirates. 
On October 31, 1803, while the frigate Phila- 
delphia of our squadron was chasing a pirate 
in the harbor of Tripoli, she ran aground and 
was captured with three hundred and fifteen 
men, including Commander Bainbridge. Not 
long afterwards Stephen Decatur, in a small 
boat, stole into the harbor, boarded the Phila- 
delphia, set her on fire, and escaped without 
the loss of a man. Lord Nelson said of this 
feat, "It was the most bold and daring act of 
the age." So vigorously did our brave sailors 
Avage war that the ruler of Tripoli was glad 
to make peace with us in 1805. 

Set 74. 

1. See Set 4, No. 6. 

2. See Set 4, No. 7. 

3. See Set 4, No. 8. 

4. See Set 4, No. 9. 

5. See Set 4, No. 10. 

6. See Map No. 4. 

Set 75. 

1. By the treaty of Versailles, or Paris, made Avith 

Great Britain. See Set 27, No. 1, for boun- 
daries. 

2. In 1800, by the treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon 

received back "the colony, or province, of 
Louisiana, with the same extent that it now 
has in the hands of Spain, and that it had 



when France possessed it." The greatest mil- 
itary power in the world thus became the pos- 
sessor of both banks of the lower Mississippi 
and a near neighbor to the United States. 

The natural uneasiness of the Americans, when 
in 1802 they heard of this change, was height- 
ened when the Spanish governor withdrew the 
privilege of sending goods through New Or- 
leans free of duty, which had been secured by 
the treaty of 1795. Plainly, he meant to turn 
over the province to France with the river 
blockaded to American trade. Hence it was 
that Jefferson wrote to Robert R. Livingston: 
"There is on the globe one single spot, the 
possessor of which is our natural and habitual 
enemy. It is New Orleans." Jefferson in- 
structed Livingston to attempt the purchase of 
the Island of Orleans and the strip to the east- 
ward between the southern boundary of the 
LTnited States and the Gulf of Mexico. In 
January, 1803, Madison was sent as a special 
envoy to aid Livingston. Fortunately for 
America, Napoleon was tired of his own plan, 
for war with Great Britain was about to break 
out again, and it would be impossible for him 
to protect the sea route to Louisiana. Having 
failed to recover control of the French colony 
of Santo Domingo, he lost interest in this 
colonial project, and while Livingston was try- 
ing to buy West Florida and New Orleans, 
suddenly the French Foreign Office asked him 
what he would give for the whole of Louisiana. 



375 

The next day, upon Monroe's arrival, the two 
ministers accepted the offer, and the treaty was 
completed April 30, 1803 ; the United States 
was to pay $11,250,000 in cash and $3,750,000 
to American claimants against the French 
Government, a total of $15,000,000. The ac- 
quisition of Louisiana added an area of 900,000 
square miles to the United States. 

3. Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000. 

4. In 1821, Mexico granted a tract of land in Texas 

to a native of Connecticut, on condition that 
he would found a settlement. In 1835, Mexico 
was changed by President Santa Ana from a 
federal to a centralized republic, by which the 
States lost their State rights. Difficulties arose 
with Texas out of this change, and the Texans 
rebelled and formed a new constitution, per- 
mitting slavery. The Mexican Government at- 
tacked the Texans, but was finally badly de- 
feated at the decisive battle of San Jacinto 
(1836). Texas thereupon became a republic. 
At once she applied for admission to the Union 
as a slave State. She was unsuccessful. In 
1844, President Tyler negotiated a treaty with 
Texas providing for annexation. It was re- 
jected by the Senate, thirty-five to sixteen. 
The South desired the annexation of Texas that 
she might increase slave territory; the North 
opposed it, believing from this vast tract suf- 
ficient slave States would be formed to give 
the slave power the control of the republic. 
The result of the election President Tyler in- 



376 



terpretecl as a verdict of the people in favor 
of the annexation of Texas. He proposed to 
Congress that she be . treated as a territory 
applying for admission to the Union, and be 
admitted by a joint resolution. This was done, 
and Texas, having accepted this method, be- 
came a State February 19, 1846, with the pro- 
vision that with her consent four other States 
might be formed from her territor}^ 

5. By a treaty made between Great Britain and the 

United States in 1846. The 49th parallel di- 
vided the territory, but gave Great Britain the 
whole of Vancouver Island. 

6. California was purchased from Mexico in 1848 

after the war with that country. The tract of 
land included California, Nevada, Utah, and a 
part of Colorado. 

7. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, accom- 

plished the purchase of Alaska. His purchase 
was called "Seward's Folly," because many 
believed it unprofitable to the United States to 
purchase Alaska. 

8. The first written Constitution of modern times 

seems to have been the Union of Utrecht, or 
Constitution of the United Netherlands, framed 
in 1579. The first suggestion of a written Con- 
stitution for England was made in the "Agree- 
ment of the People," drawn up in 1647. Dur- 
ing the Commonwealth, England had two 
Avritten Constitutions, the Instrument of Gov- 
ernment, 1658, and the Humble Petition and 



Advice, 1657. The first written Constitution 
which any American community framed for 
itself was the Fundamental Orders of Con- 
necticut, 1639. At the time of the Revolution, 
the desire to have governments of limited 
powers made it inevitable that the Constitu- 
tions should be set down in writing. 

9. The State Constitutions without exception have 
been the work of constitutional conventions. 
As the whole people cannot assemble in one 
place to frame and adopt a Constitution, they 
elect delegates to a constitutional convention. 
The convention usually meets at the capital, 
deliberates, frames articles for a proposed 
constitution, and in nearly all cases submits 
them to the people. The people make known 
their will in a general election, and if a major- 
ity vote in favor of adopting the proposed con- 
stitution, it becomes the Constitution of the 
State. If the proposed constitution is rejected, 
another convention must be called to propose 
other articles to be voted upon by the people. 

10. By becoming naturalized, i. e., by becoming a 
citizen of the United States. To become a cit- 
izen an alien must declare, upon oath, before 
a United States court or a State court having 
common law jurisdiction, at least two years 
before his naturalization, that he intends to 
become a citizen and to renounce his allegiance 
to his own country, and to any title of nobility, 
should he have one. If he has complied witli 
this rec|uirement, and has been a resident within 



378 

the United States for at least live years, and one 
year within the State or Territory in which he 
applies for citizenship, he receives his natural- 
ization papers, provided he has been a person 
of good moral character while in this country 
and loyal to the Constitution. A minor who 
has resided in the United States three years 
immediatel}^ before becoming of age may, after 
arriving at his majority and after having been 
a resident five A^ears, including the three years 
of his minority, become a citizen, if he makes 
oath that it has been his intention for two years 
to become a citizen. The children of persons 
who have been duly naturalized, being under 
the age of twenty-one years at the time of the 
naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwell- 
ing in the United States, be considered as cit- 
izens thereof. The children of persons who 
are or have been citizens of the United States, 
are, though born out of the limits and juris- 
diction of the United States, considered as 
citizens thereof. Honorably discharged sol- 
diers and seamen, being foreigners and having 
served under the United States flag, may be- 
come citizens without complying with all the 
conditions imposed upon other foreigners. 

11. Criminals, idiots, lunatics, and paupers are denied 

the right of suffrage. 

12. The fifteenth amendment was the amendment that 

prohibited the States from discriminating 
against anyone ''on account of race, color, or 
previous condition of servitude." The fif- 



379 

teeiitli amendment did not confer the right to 
vote on anyone; that power belongs to the 
States. But in those States which had the 
words ''white man" as a qualification for vot- 
ing in their Constitutions when the amendment 
went into effect, the fifteenth amendment did, 
indirectly, give the negro the right to vote. 

Set 76. 

1. The first revolutionary measure passed by the 

Second Continental Congress was the appoint- 
ment, by unanimous vote, of George Washing- 
ton as commander-in-chief of the Continental 
army. It voted also to raise an army of twenty 
thousand men. 

2. The patriots of Mecklenburg County, in North 

Carolina, were the first to make a public move- 
ment in favor of independence. In May, 1775, 
they met at Charlotte, and renounced their 
allegiance to king and parliament. The 
^'Mecklenburg Resolutions" were the prelude 
to the ''Declaration of Independence." 

3. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Inde- 

pendence. 

4. Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation 

on November 15, 1777. 

5. Maryland, the last State, ratified the Articles of 

Confederation on March 1, 1781, nearly five 
years after their adoption by Congress. 

6. After the Declaration of Independence, to the 

Second Continental Congress, which was really 



380 



a revolutionary body, because its delegates 
were chosen, as a rule, without legal authority, 
had been delegated the work of carrying on 
the war and looking after the interests of the 
new nation. This body soon found its poAver 
so restricted that it could not enforce obedience 
to its mandates, and a stronger and firmer gov- 
ernment was seen to be needed. On the same 
day that the committee was appointed to 
draft the Declaration of Independence, a reso- 
lution was passed by Congress which called for 
the appointment of a committee to draft 
Articles of Confederation. A series of thir- 
teen Articles was finally passed by Congress, 
November Jo, 1777, and became operative in 
March, 1781. 

The Congress of the Confederation, like the Con- 
tinental Congress, consisted of but one liouse, 
whose president Avas simply the presiding of- 
ficer. The members — not less than two, nor 
more than seven from each State — were elected 
by the Legislatures for a year, but could be re- 
called at any time to give place to others; and 
no member could serve more than three years 
in any term of six years. The voting was by 
States. Measures of great importance re- 
(piired tlie consent of all the States — those of 
less importance, of seven States. Amendments, 
after passing the Congress, had to be ratified 
by the Legislatures of all the States. 

Congress had power to declare war, make peace, 
issue bills of credit, borrow monev, maintain 



381 



an army and a navy, make treaties, coin money, 
and fix the standard of weights and measures. 
But it could not lay and collect taxes, raise 
troops, or carry out a single act that it might 
pass. It had no executive power to enforce its 
laws or judiciary to interpret them. It had but 
two judicial powers— to settle territorial dis- 
putes between States (exercised on one occa- 
sion between Pennsylvania and Connecticut), 
and to hear appeals in prize cases. The Con- 
gress acted on States and not on individuals. 
The laws of the confederacy were not com- 
mands, but recommendations. 

Lacking the power to support and defend itself, 
the government was not regarded at home or 
abroad as sovereign. The States acted as in- 
dependent nations. Being themselves on the 
verge of financial ruin, they laid duties on im- 
ports from other States and from foreign 
countries; but a lack of uniformity gave a 
monopoly of commerce to the States having the 
lowest duties. The gold and silver having all 
been sent abroad to pay interest and import 
duties, the States issued immense amounts of 
paper money, and Congress could not restrain 
them. The paper money depreciated. Debts 
could not be collected. Sheriffs' sales were 
daily occurrences. Lawlessness followed, and 
in some places, notably in Massachusetts, open 
rebellion against the State authorities broke 
out. Knowledge of these difficulties could not 
be kept from foreign nations— especially Eng- 



382 



land. They expected the Confederation to go 
to pieces. They refused to make commercial 
treaties or to send diplomatic agents to repre- 
sent them in the United States. To restore 
confidence abroad, Congress asked the States 
three times to amend the Articles so as to give 
the Confederation power to regulate trade and 
commerce. Each time the amendment was de- 
feated by a vote of twelve States to one. 

■ 8. Congress could not alter the Articles of Confed- 
eration without the consent of all the States. 
Three times Congress had asked the States to 
amend the Articles, and each time the amend- 
ment was defeated by a vote of twelve to one. 
9. The Articles of Confederation accustomed the 
States to associated action, and led toward "a 
more perfect union." They held the Union 
together in its infancy. They served as an ex- 
ample of weakness and defects, and by means 
of these faults the framers of the Constitution 
learned to draft that great document. 

10. The Constitutional Convention met from May 14 
to September 17, 1787, at Philadelphia, in In- 
dependence Hall. The reason for calling this 
convention was the failure of the Articles of 
Confederation to control the public questions 
arising from time to time. The convention's 
first work was to consider the defects of the 
Articles and attempt to amend them. It was 
soon found, however, that it was impossible to 
amend the Articles, and that it would be much 
better to make a new Constitution. 



383 

11. The new Constitution was adopted by the conven- 

tion, September 17, 1787. 

12. The new government nominally went into effect 

June 21, 1788, when the ninth State ratified the 
Constitution, but its actual operation did not 
begin until April 30, 1789. 

Set 77. 

1. (a) An enacting clause is the clause that declares 

the design or motive of the law. The en- 
acting clause is mandatory. 

(b) A meeting composed of the members of a 

legislative body who are of the same party 
and assembled for party purposes, is called 
a caucus. "Ward conventions in cities are 
sometimes called by the same name. 

(c) A Preamhle is a clause or clauses which go 

before a constitution or charter, giving the 
reason for its adoption. It is not a part 
of the constitution or charter. 

2. The county clerk issues writs, preserves papers, 

and records judgments. In many States he 
issues licenses, preserves election returns, and 
records wills, deeds, mortgages, satisfaction 
papers, and other important papers. He draws 
the grand and petit juries, and makes a return 
for the same. He administers the oath to 
jurors and witnesses. He keeps a record of the 
proceedings of the county court, and acts as 
the clerk of the State Supreme Court when sit- 
ting within his county. 



384 



3. (a) When public seDtiment is against a law, the 

leaders of the opponents may cause riots 
or insurrections, but the executive author- 
ity can call forth the militia, if necessary, 
to compel the enforcement of the law. 
(b) The Whiskey Insurrection in western Penn- 
sylvania is an illustration. 

4. (a) Full faith and credit shall be given in each 

State to the public acts, records, and judi- 
cial proceedings of every other State. 

(b) The citizens of each State shall be entitled 

to all privileges and immunities of citizens 
in the several States. 

(c) A person charged in any State with treason, 

felony, or other crime, who shall tiee from 
justice, and be found in another State, 
shall, on demand of the executive authority 
of the State from which he fled, be deliv- 
ered up to be removed to the State having 
jurisdiction of the crime. 

5. The Supreme Court decides whether a law of the 

United States or of any State is in violation 
of the Constitution. If a law of any State or 
of the United States is decided by the Supreme 
Court to be in violation of the Constitution, it 
instantly becomes void and of no effect. 

6. The powers not delegated to the United States by 

the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the 
States are reserved to the States respectively 
or to the people. 

7. Free trade is the interchanging of products be- 

tween nations without paying anything. 



385 



8. The Vice-President of the United States, the Sec- 

retary of State. 

9. All persons born or naturalized in the United 

States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, 
are citizens of the United States and of the 
State wherein they reside. 

10. A law which was never made by a legislature is 
termed "common law." It is a law derived 
from usage or custom. That a President shall 
have but two terms is a common law. 

Statute laiu consists of the acts passed by legisla- 
tive assemblies. The words are used to denote 
the opposite of common law. The enactment 
of a statute by a State Legislature repeals the 
common law previously in force upon the same 
subject. 

Set 78. 

1. Experience has shown that two bodies of men dis- 

pose of questions more wisely than one, as more 
time is taken to discuss them and more care 
used in passing judgment upon them. This 
system is probably retained chiefly through a 
spirit of conservatism, because it is what we 
are used to. But it no doubt has real advan- 
tages in checking hasty legislation. 

2. Directly by the people. 

3. Apportionment is the work of dividing a State 

into districts and assigning members to the 
different portions. 



386 



4. It is necessary to take a census. 

(a) To fix the number of Representatives of 

each State in Congress. 

(b) To form a basis for the laying of direct 

taxes. 

(c) As a matter of history to compare the 

growth of one country with that of an- 
other. 

5. Annually or bi-ennially. 

6. No member can be kept from the meetings of the 

Legislature, except for crimes or misdemeanors. 

7. In most States a majorit}'- of all elected, but some 

require a two-thirds or three-fifths vote. 

8. Except when the good of the public demands 

secrec^^ Each house publishes a journal of its 
proceedings. 

9. Each Legislature establishes certain customs of 

making laws from which it seldom departs. 
10. A bill. 

Set 79. 

1. (a) A republican government makes the people 
themselves, and not one or a few, respon- 
sible for the security of their rights, as in 
a monarchy or an aristocracy. As a rule, 
all our interests in life are never so well 
guarded as when we guard them ourselves. 
(b) A monarchial form of government is more 
easily perverted and overturned. History 
is full of examples where monarchs became 
tyrants. As to republican government, it 
is still on trial. 



387 



2. (a) The town. 
(b) The country. 

3. (a) A blanket ballot is a ballot so arranged as to 

group candidates by parties, or by the of- 
fices for which they are nominated. 
(b) A paster ballot is a ballot mucilaged upon 
the back, and containing the names of 
party candidates and the office for which 
he is a candidate. 

4. According to the Constitution, Congress has the 

power to declare war. To carry on a war, an 
army and a navy are necessary, so we find the 
power to raise and maintain these also dele- 
gated to Congress by the Constitution, that 
there might be no question of authority in 
times of necessity for an army. The experi- 
ence of the whole country during the Revolu- 
tionary War proved to the satisfaction of every 
statesman the necessitj^ of this power being 
bestowed upon Congress. 

5. (a) A tax is a sum of money demanded by the 

government for its support. A tax is 
money raised b}'' levy upon the person or 
property of an individual for public pur- 
poses. 
(b) 1. The government must have money to pay 
its expenses, and by means of taxes each 
person bears his part in the cost of 
maintaining the social compact. 
2. Taxes are imposed by the government in 
order to raise a revenue for the purpose 



388 

of providing for the common defense 
and general Avelfare, of keeping roads in 
repair, of supporting schools, etc. 

6. Duties of a Surrogate. 

(a) He takes proof of wills of real or personal 

property. 

(b) He grants letters testamentary or admin- 

istrative. 

(c) He attends generally to the settlement of 

the estates of deceased. 

(d) He holds Surrogate's court, as required. 

7. (a) Deeds of real estate and mortgages on the 

same must be recorded in order to make 
them valid in law. Also that they may be 
matters of publicity and to prevent fraud, 
(b) They are recorded by the County Recorder, 
or Register, in the office of the Court Clerk, 
in books kept for that purpose. 

8. (a) The Secretary of State. 

(b) The Secretary of the Interior. 

9. This uniformity is secured by giving to Congress 

the exclusive control of the matter. If the 
power to frame naturalization laws were left 
to the States, one State might confer the rights 
of citizenship after a residence of one year, 
another after two years, and another after ten 
years. 

10. Toivn Officers. 

Town Clerk. — He keeps a record of births, 
deaths, and marriages; also a record of 
elections held in the town, including names 



389 



of candidates with the number of votes cast 
for each. He keeps the records of the town. 
Town Treasurer. — He receives and keeps the 
income of the town; he is required to keep 
a careful record of all receipts and disburse- 
ments. When he expends any of the money 
belonging to the town, he keeps the order 
or warrant upon which he made the payment. 

Set 80. 

1. Ponce de Leon reached Florida on Easter Sunday, 

1513. 

Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and 
called it the South Sea. 

Cartier, in 1534, discovered the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. 

Dc Soto, in 1539, attempted to conquer Florida. 
He discovered the Mississippi, but his expe- 
dition was a failure. 

Gosnold, in 1602, explored the north Atlantic 
coast. 

2. (a) See Set 25, No. 2. 

(b) As early as May, 1776. France had sent two 
hundred thousand dollars to aid the Amer- 
ican cause, and in July of the same year, 
merchandise to the value of almost six 
hundred thousand dollars. At the same 
time she allowed American privateers to 
fit out in her ports. Louis XVI permitted 
French officers to leave their country to 
aid the American cause, and encouraged 



390 



commerce with the colonies by exempting 
from duty all vessels bearing supplies to 
the United States. Early in 1778, France 
signed a treaty of alliance and agreed to 
send a fleet to the aid of America and an 
army of four thousand men as well. 
Spain soon joined France, and about a 
year later Holland acknowledged the inde- 
pendence of the United States. About the 
time that France sent her first offering of 
money, Spain gave a similar amount, two 
hundred thousand dollars. She subse- 
quently sent cargoes of supplies to us, and 
from Madrid she forwarded blankets for 
ten regiments and a gift of one hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars. 
Early in 1775, Washington asked for and 
obtained aid from the Catholic Indians of 
Maine. Deputies of all the tribes from 
Gaspe to the Penobscot met at Watertown 
and agreed to stand by the colonists. 
Orono, the noble and virtuous chief of the 
Penobscots, bore a commission in our army, 
and his clansmen fought by his side. 

With the Revolution dawned a new era for Cath- 
olicity in the colonies. "Men began to be 
ashamed of bigotrj^ when George III person- 
ated it." The necessity for a perfect union 
among all the colonies became evident, and the 
convention of 1774 entreated all classes "to 
put away religious disputes and animosities 
which could only withhold them from uniting 



391 

in the defense of their common rights and lib- 
erties. " The French alliance also was not 
without its effect in this regard. With a Cath- 
olic ally, the government could not well de- 
nounce Catholicity. The conduct of Catholics 
during the war also made a deep impression. 

4. General Lee made two attempts to invade the 

North. Lee crossed the Potomac and entered 
Maryland. McClellan hastened to head him 
off', and the forces met at Antietam Creek, near 
Sharpsburg. A bloody battle was fought, Sep- 
tember 17, 1862, and McClellan won the vic- 
tory, as he stopped the advance of Lee, Avho 
now retired across the Potomac. 
The second attempt to invade the North was made 
in 1863. Lee entered Maryland, and crossed 
the line into Pennsylvania. Meade was in 
command of the Union army, and the forces 
met at Gettysburg. The fighting lasted three 
days, and on the third day, July 3, 1863, Lee 
saw the hopelessness of trying to break the 
Union lines, fell back, and retreated across the 
Potomac. 

5. The thirteenth amendment is the amendment that 

granted freedom to the slaves. The fourteenth 
amendment is the one that made the freed 
negroes citizens of the United States and gave 
them the right to sue in Federal courts. The 
fifteenth amendment is the one that granted 
the negroes the right to vote. 
It was necessary to add the thirteenth amendment, 
because Lincoln, by the Emancipation Proc- 



392 



lamation, had freed only the slaves in the 
seceded States. To free the slaves in the loyal 
slave States was the object of the thirteenth 
amendment. 

Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, giving to 
the negro the rights of a citizen of the United 
States, and the power to sue in the Federal 
courts. This did not make him a citizen of 
any State, neither did it give him the right to 
vote. Some of the Southern States had passed 
labor laws, which Congress believed would 
place the negro in slavery again; hence. Con- 
gress deemed it necessary to pass the Civil 
Rights Bill, and, moreover, to make its pro- 
visions permanent in the National Constitu- 
tion. Therefore, in June, 1866, the fourteenth 
amendment was passed. 

When the Constitution was adopted, the conven- 
tion which framed it left the matter of voting 
entirely to the respective States. The right to 
vote was regarded as one which each State 
could confer or withhold at pleasure. The 
adoption of the fifteenth amendment was the 
first attempt to restrain the States in the mat- 
ter of granting the franchise. After March 30, 
1870, every Commonwealth was free to refuse 
its citizens the right to vote for lack of prop- 
erty, for lack of education, etc., but they could 
not withhold the suffrage because of ''race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude." It 
is sometimes said that this amendment gave 
the negro the right to vote. That is not strictly 



393 



correct. It merely assured him that he would 
not be discriminated against because of his 
race or color. For some years after the Civil 
War, it is true, it so operated ; but great num- 
bers of colored men are now disfranchised be- 
cause they lack education, property, and other 
qualifications. At present there seems to be a 
tendency to leave the question of voting where 
the framers of the Constitution left it, that is, 
with the respective States. 

6. (a) The United States has acquired territory by 

conquest, treaty, purchase, and by annex- 
ation. 
(b) By Conquest — New Mexico and California, or 
the Mexican Cession, in 1848. Porto Rico, 
Guam and the Philippines in 1898. 

By Treaty— Oregon in 1846. Part of the 
Northwest Territory in 1783. 

By Purchase — Louisiana in 1803. Florida in 
1819. The Gadsden Purchase in 1853. 
Alaska in 1867. 

By Annexation — Texas in 1845. Hawaii in 
1898. 

7. (a) Surface. — The surface of the New England 

States is rugged and hilly. These States 
are traversed from northeast to southwest 
by mountains which extend from Canada 
nearly to Long Island Sound. They are a 
part of the Appalachian System. The 
principal ranges are the White ^lountains 
in New Hampshire, the Green ^Mountains 
in Vermont, and the Berkshire Hills in 



394 



Massachusetts. The eastern section is an 
upland, broken by a succession of hills, 
with an occasional solitary mountain rising 
above the plateau. This is a Piedmont 
section. (Piedmont means foot of the 
mountain.) The mountains were once 
higher than they are now, and the Pied- 
mont hills were once mountains, but they 
were gradually worn away. Along the 
southeastern part of Massachusetts is a 
belt of lowlands, the only coastal plain in 
New England. 
The surface of the Southern States resembles 
that of the Middle Atlantic States. Bor- 
dei'ing the sea is the coastal plain, which 
in the Southern States attains its greatest 
breadth, being from one hundred to three 
hundred miles wide. Next we have the 
Piedmont Plateau, and finally a mountain 
region embracing portions of the Appa- 
lachian System. West of the Appalachian 
Mountains is the Cumberland Plateau, 
and beyond this lies the Mississippi Valley 
and the famous Mississippi River bottom 
or flood-plain, which, south of Memphis, is 
one hundred nules wide. It is perfectly 
level and is liable to overflow. 

(b) Climate. — The winters of New England, by 
reason of the latitude, are long and cold; 
the summers are short and hot. The near- 
ness of these States to the sea has little 
effect upon their climate, because the pre- 



395 

vailing winds are from the land. A cold 
current from the Arctic Ocean flows near 
the coast, so that the east winds are always 
raw and chilly. 
The climate of the northern portion of the 
Southern iStatcs is mild and well adapted 
to the cultivation of grain, tobacco, fruits, 
and vegetables. That of the southern part 
is semi-tropical. This section is well 
watered, and is suited to the growth of 
sugar cane, cotton, rice, and tropical fruits. 
The copious supply of moisture enjoyed 
by this portion of the country contributes 
to make it the very first among the cotton- 
groiring rer/ions of the world. The winds 
from the Gulf bring the frequent summer 
rains. 

(c) Industries. — The inhabitants of New England 
are chiefly engaged in manufacturing, 
commerce, lumbering, shipbuilding, stone 
quarrying, and fishing. 
The majority of the people in the Southern 
States are engaged in agriculture. Cotton 
raising is the great industry of these 
States. Manufacturing, mining, and com- 
merce are other important industries. 

8. (a) The leading industries in the United States 
are agriculture (the most important), 
manufacturing, mining, lumbering, graz- 
ing, stock raising, fishing, quarrying, and 
commerce. 



396 



(b) Agriculture is the most important industry 
in the Central States. Farming is carried 
on in the Southern States. Manufaciuring 
is the most important industry in the New 
England States. In the Western States, 
mining is the chief occupation. Lnmher- 
ing is an important industry in the New 
England States and in some of the West- 
ern States. Grazing is carried on in the 
Western States, and especially in Avestern 
Texas. Stock raising is carried on in the 
Central States. Fishing is carried on in 
the New England States. Quarrying is 
mainly carried on in the New England 
States. In all the States commerce is car- 
ried on, in some to a greater extent than 
in others. 

9. The largest State is Texas. Its capital is Austin, 
on the Colorado River. The smallest State is 
Rhode Island. Its capital is Providence, on 
Narragansett Bay. The most easterly State is 
Maine. Its capital is Augusta, on the Kenne- 
bec River. The most westerly State is Cali- 
fornia. Its capital is Sacramento, on the 
Sacramento River. The most populous State 
is New York. Its capital is Albany, on the 
Hudson River. 

10. (a) See Map No. 12. 

(b) The principal industry of Boston is manu- 
facturing; of Lowell, Fall River and New 
Bedford, cotton and woolen manufactur- 
ins': of Worccsier, the manufacture of 



397 



wire rope, woolens, and textile machinery ; 
of Lynn, the manufacture of boots and 
shoes. 

Set 81. 

1. The Constitution of the United States is the 

supreme law of the whole land. It is a written 
instrument, and is often called the fundamen- 
tal law. It is the basis of our system of gov- 
ernment, the model upon which all State Con- 
stitutions are framed, and the foundation of 
our greatness as a people. 

Purposes of the Constitution as set forth in the Pre- 
amble: — 

(a) ''To form a more perfect union;" 

(b) ''To establish justice;'' 

(c) "To insure domestic tranquility ;'' 

(d) "To provide for the common defense;'' 

(e) "To promote the general ivelfare;" 

(f) "To secure the blessings of liherty to our- 

selves and our posterity." 

2. A direct tax is levied directly at a given rate upon 

property" or polls. Taxes levied by vil- 
lages, toAvns, townships, cities, counties, 
and States are, for the most part, direct 
taxes. 
An indirect tax is assessed upon the property of 
one person, but is indirectly paid by another. 
The owner of the property at the time of as- 
sessment pays the tax to the government, but 
a part or all of the tax is ultimately paid by 
the consumer of the goods. All taxes now 



398 



levied by the national government are indi- 
rect. The indirect taxes levied by the national 
government are customs, or duties, and internal 
revenue. 

3. Qualifications of Eligihility to the Office of 

(a) President. 

1. He must be a natural born citizen. 

2. He must be thirty-five years of age. 

3. He must have been a resident of the 

United States fourteen years. 

(b) Uiiited States Represeniative. 

1. He must be at least twenty-five years 

of age. 

2. He must have been seven years a cit- 

izen of the United States. 

3. He must, when elected, be an inhab- 

itant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

(c) United States Senator. 

1. He must be at least thirty years of 

age. 

2. He must have been nine years a cit- 

izen of the United States. 

3. He must, when elected, be an inliab- 

itant of the State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

4. Original jurisdiction is the authority given to a 

court to begin and finally to decide a case. 
Appellate jurisdiction is the authorit}^ of the Su- 
preme Court to grant another, hearing to a 
case that has already been heard and decided 
bv a lower court. 



399 

Original jurisdiction of the United States Su- 
preme Court extends to: — 

(a) Ambassadors, public ministers, and con- 

suls. 

(b) Those cases in which a State shall be a 

party. 

1. Between two or more States. 

2. Between a State and citizens of 

another State. 

3. Between a State or its citizens and 

foreign States or citizens. 

5. Congress shall have power to borrow money on 

the credit of the United States; to establish a 
uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform 
laws on the subject of bankruptcies through- 
out the United States ; to coin money, regulate 
the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix 
the standard of weights and measures; to es- 
tablish post-offices and post-roads ; to consti- 
tute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
to declare war, grant letters of marque and re- 
prisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
land and water ; to raise and support armies ; 
to provide and maintain a navy; to make rules 
for the government and regulation of the land 
and naval forces ; to provide for calling forth 
the militia to execute the laws of the Union, to 
suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 

6. See Set 6, No. 6. 

7. (a) Treason is "levying war against the United 

States or adhering to their enemies, giving 
them aid and comfort." 



400 

(b) Writ of habeas corpus is a writ issued by a 

judge to bring a prisoner before him. 
This is to find out whether the prisoner has 
cominitted such a serious crime that he 
should be deprived of his liberty. This 
can be granted only before a regular trial. 

(c) A hill of attainder is an act of a Legislature 

condemning a person to death without a 
trial. Attaint means to stain or disgrace. 

(d) An ex post facto law is one which changes a 

law that already exists, making: 

1. An act a crime which was not a crime 

W'hen committed, or 

2. Increasing the punishment attached 

to a crime. 

(e) Extradition is the exchange of fugitives from 

justice between tw^o countries. 

8. (a) The Department of State. 

(b) The Department of the Interior. 

(c) The Department of Agriculture. 

(d) The Department of the Treasury. 

(e) The Department of Justice, or the Attorney- 

General. 

(f) The Department of the Navy. 

(g) The Department of Labor. 
(h) The Post- Office Department. 
(i) The War Department. 

9. A census of the people is taken ever}^ ten years, 

and upon this as a basis Congress fixes the 
number of Representatives for the entire coun- 
try and the number to which each State shall 
be entitled for the next ten vears thereafter. 



401 



Each Legislature divides the State into as 
many Congressional districts as the State is 
entitled to Representatives, and each district 
elects a Representative by direct vote of the 
people. After each census a new ratio is made. 
At the present time (1913) each State sends 
one Representative for every 211,431 persons. 

After a new census is taken, it often happens that 
a State is entitled to elect additional Represen- 
tatives before the State Legislature has divided 
the State into new Congressional districts, to 
correspond to the new number of Representa- 
tives. Until the Legislature redivides the State, 
the additional Representatives are elected by 
the votes of the whole State, and are called 
Congressmen-at-large. 

The Senate is composed of two Senators from each 
State, elected now by the people of the several 
States; therefore each State has an equal rep- 
resentation, without regard to its area, or the 
number of its inhabitants. 

Impeachment is an accusation against a public 
officer for bad conduct, or for some crime com- 
mitted v/hile he holds office. 

Any civil officer of the United States is liable to 
impeachment. Precisely who are civil officers 
in the meaning of the Constitution is nowhere 
stated, but the officers impeached have been 
judges of Federal Courts, a President, and a 
cabinet officer. 

Punishment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and 



402 



disqualification to hold or enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; 
but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
ment, and punishment according to law. 

Set 82. 

1. The Spanish, the English, the French, and the 

Dutch explored the United States. The Span- 
ish explored the southern portion and around 
the Gulf of Mexico: the English, the eastern 
part, the Atlantic seaboard: the French, the 
Mississippi and Lake regions; the Dutch, 
along the Hudson River, in New York. 

2. 1497 — The Cabots discovered the mainland of 

North America. 

1565 — The Spaniards settled St. Augustine, the 
oldest city in the United States. 

1676 — Bacon's rebellion in Virginia. 

]776 — Declaration of Independence, July 4th. 

1649 — The passage of the Religious Toleration Act 
in Maryand. 

1660— The English Restoration. 

1777 — Surrender of Burgoyne, October 17th. 

1781 — Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oc- 
tober 19th. 

1783 — Treaty of peace with Great Britain, Sep- 
tember 3d. 

1789 — The beginning of our government under 
the Constitution. 



403 



3. See Set 39, Xo. 10, for cause of French and Indian 

War. 
The Five Objective Points of the ^Ya^: — 

(a) Fort Duquesne was the key to the region 

Avest of the Appalachians, and so long* as 
the French held it, Virginia and Penn- 
sylvania were exposed to Indian attacks. 

(b) The French possession of Loidshurg and 

part of Acadia threatened New England, 
and gave control over the Newfoundland 
fisheries. Privateers harbored there, to 
prey on English ships. 
(e) Crown Point and Ticonderoga controlled 
the route to and from Canada by the 
way of Lakes George and Champlain. 

(d) Fort Niagara lay on the portage between 

Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and thus 
protected the great fur trade of the up- 
per Lakes and the West. 

(e) Quebec, the strongest fortification in Can- 

ada, gave control of the St. Lawrence, 
and largely decided the possession of 
that province. We thus see why these 
points were so persistently attacked by 
the British, and so obstinately defended 
by the French. 

4. (a) 1. The battle of Princeton, resulting in a 

victory for Washington, was a decisive 
battle of the Kevolution. The entire 
movement of the American army from 
the first crossing of the Delaware to the 
end of the campaign was one of the most 



404 



brilliant of the Revolution. The British 
were forced to draw in their scattered 
detachments and mass them where they 
could be supported from New York, thus 
leaving Washington in control of nearly 
all New Jersey. 

2. The battle of Saratoga was an important 

victory for the Americans. This battle 
has sometimes been reckoned as among 
the fifteen decisive battles that, within 
twenty centuries, have had a permanent 
bearing upon the world's history. The 
defeat of Burgoyne and his army had 
an important influence upon the public 
sentiment of both England and America. 
It was the turning point of the Revolu- 
tionary War, and gave the patriot cause 
new life. 

3. The battle of Yorktown ended the war, and 

was an important victory for the Amer- 
icans. The surrender of Cornwallis at 
Yorktown and the sympathy of a large 
number of English people with the col- 
onist cause, forced England to grant in- 
dependence to the colonists. 

(b) Treaty of peace with Great Britain, Septem- 
ber 3, 1783. 

Annapolis Convention, 1786. 

The Constitution adopted by the Federal 
Convention, 1787. 

Ordinance of the Northwest Territory, 1787. 



405 



The begiiiniug of our government under the 

Constitution, 1789. 
Washington inaugurated, April 30^ 1789. 

By Purchase. 

Louisiana in 1803. 

Florida in 1819. 

Gadsden Purchase in 1853. 

Alaska in 1867. 
By Conquest. 

New Mexico and California, ol" the Mexican 
Cession, in 1848. 

Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898. 
By Annexation. 

Texas in 1845. 

Hawaii in 1898. 

Kansas-Xebraska Bill. — In 1854, Stephen A. 
Douglas, of Illinois, introduced the Nebraska 
Bill to organize a new territory in the region 
north of the Compromise line and west of Mis- 
souri. Douglas' bill provided for the right of 
the settlers to decide for themselves whether 
this territory should be slave or free. This 
was Cass's doctrine of popular or squatter sov- 
ereignty, which had been applied to New 
Mexico and Utah in the Compromise of 1850. 
This Compromise of 1850, Douglas declared, 
had rendered null and void the Missouri Com- 
promise of 1820, which excluded slavery for- 
ever from this territory. 

He later amended his bill to provide for two ter- 
ritories. Kansas was to extend from 37 de- 
grees to 40 degrees, north latitude, and Ne- 



406 



braska from 40 degrees to -19 degrees. It was 
thought Kansas, as it lay west of Missouri, 
would become a slave State, while Nebraska, 
adjoining Iowa, would become a free State. 
This bill is therefore called the Kansas- 
Kebraska Bill. The act also declared that the 
Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed. 
In spite of the most earnest opposition, the bill 
became a law^ on May 30, 1854. The Missouri 
Compromise of 1820 had been the law of the 
land for thirty-four years, and every one had 
felt that the area north of the line had been 
dedicated to freedom for all time. The pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act upset these 
ideas, and the whole slavery question was open 
again for discussion. 
Compromise of 1820. — When the admission of 
Missouri as a State was proposed, a violent dis- 
cussion arose whether it should be free or 
slave. Upon the decision of this question prac- 
tically depended the fate of slavery and free- 
dom in the entire Louisiana Purchase. Most 
of Missouri lay north of the lower Ohio River, 
which was the boundary between the slave and 
free States. As the prohibition of slavery in 
Missouri w^ould give the free States a majority 
in the Senate, and would be a discrimination 
against the right to hold slaves, the South vig- 
orously opposed any such restriction. At this 
critical point a compromise was proposed. It 
was suggested that Missouri should be admit- 
ted as a slave State and Maine as a free State, 
thus maintaining the equality of power in the 



407 



Senate ; also that slaveiy should be prohibited 
in all the rest of Louisiana north of 36 degrees, 
30 minutes. This plan, known as the "Mis- 
souri Compromise," was finally accepted 
(1820), and the question of slavery was set- 
tled for nearly twenty-five years. 

Compromise of 1850. — Scarcely had Taylor been 
inaugurated when there arose the question of 
the admission of California. As this State ex- 
tended both north and south of the parallel of 
36 degrees 30 minutes, it was proposed that 
the question be settled by extending the Mis- 
souri Compromise line to the Pacific. At this 
time the balance was evenly maintained be- 
tween the free and the slave States, each hav- 
ing fifteen. 

The admission of California as a free State would 
upset that balance and give the free States con- 
trol of the Senate. They already controlled 
the House of Representatives. The South, 
therefore, opposed the admission of all of Cal- 
ifornia as a free State, and urged delay or, at 
least, the extension of the Missouri Compromise 
line. 

There were many other difficult problems to be 
solved. In the territory ceded by Mexico, be- 
sides California, some form of government had 
to be established, and the question of slavery 
there had to be settled in some way. Again, 
Texas claimed that part of New^ Mexico which 
lies east of the Rio Grande, a claim the New 
Mexicans contested. The North, too, objected 
to slavery in the District of Columbia, while 



408 



the South demanded a better law to regain 
slaves that had run away to the North. At 
length Henry Clay once more appeared as 
peacemaker and proposed a scheme to settle 
the difficulties. His bill, known as the Com- 
promise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill, made the 
following provisions : — 

(a) The admission of California as a free 

State. 

(b) Territorial governments for New Mexico 

and Utah without reference to slavery. 

(c) The payment to Texas of ten millions of 

dollars for her claims to part of New 
Mexico. 

(d) The prohibition of the slave trade, but 

not of slavery, in the District of Co- 
lumbia. 

(e) A stringent fugitive slave law. 

This compromise led to an earnest debate, in 
which Calhoun, Clay, Webster and Seward 
took leading parts; the three former favored, 
while the latter denounced the bill, wdiich 
finally (September, 1850) became a law. Cal- 
ifornia, under the Compromise, was admitted 
to the Union, September 9, 1850. 

Cause of the War of 1812-14, see Set 41, No. 1 (a). 
Cause of Mexican War, see Set 41, No. 2. 
Causes of Civil War. 
(a) Real, but remote. 

1. Different constructions of the Consti- 
tution. 



409 



2. Different systems of labor in the 

North and the South. 

3. Lack of intercourse between the 

North and the South. 

4. The increase of territory. 
(b) Immediate. 

1. The secession of the States. 
See also Set 55, No. 3 (a). 
8. Congress called on Hamilton for a report on the 
further support of public credit, and when it 
met in the session of 1790-91, received a plan 
for a great national bank, with a capital of ten 
million dollars. The United States was to 
raise two million dollars : the rest was to be 
subscribed for by the people. The bank was to 
keep the public revenues, was to aid the govern- 
ment in making payments all over the country. 
To do this, power was given to the parent bank 
(which must be at Philadelphia) to establish 
branches in the chief cities and towns, and to 
issue bank bills which should be received all 
over the United States for public lands, taxes, 
duties, postage, and in payment of any debt 
due the government. Great opposition was 
made ; but the charter was granted for twenty 
years, and in 1791 the Bank of the United 
States began business. 
After the charter of the national bank had ex- 
pired, numbers of State banks had arisen to 
take its place. These banks had suspended 
specie payment, and the government w^as 
forced to charter a new national bank. This 
was done in 1816, and the bank was modeled 



410 



after the old one. Again the parent bank was 
at Philadelphia; but the capital was now 
thirty-five million dollars. Again the public 
money might be deposited in the bank and its 
branches, which could be established wherever 
the directors thought proper. Again the bank 
could issue paper money to be received by the 
government in payment of taxes, land, and all 
debts. 

The Republicans had always denied the right of 
Congress to charter a bank. But the question 
was never tested until 1819, when Maryland 
attempted to collect a tax laid on the branch 
at Baltimore. The case reached the Supreme 
Court of the United States, Avhich decided that 
a State could not tax a corporation chartered 
by Congress; and that Congress had power to 
charter anything, even a bank. 

The charter given to this bank was to run till 
1836. Among the rights given it was that of 
having branches in as many cities in the coun- 
try as it pleased, and, exercising this right, it 
speedily established branches in the chief cities 
of the South and West. The South and West 
were already full of State banks, and, knowing 
that the business of these would be injured if 
the branches of the United States Bank were 
allowed to come among them, the people of 
that region resented the re-establishment of 
a national bank. Jackson, as a Western man, 
shared in this hatred, and when he became 
President was easily persuaded by his friends 
(who wished to force the bank to take sides in 



411 



politics) to attack it. The charter had still 
nearly eight years to run; nevertheless, in his 
first message to Congress (December, 1829), he 
denounced the bank as unconstitutional, un- 
necessary, and as having failed to give the 
country a sound currency, and suggested that 
it should not be rechartered. Congress paid 
little attention to him. But he kept on, year 
after year, till, in 1832, the friends of the bank 
made his attack a political issue. They ap- 
plied to Congress for a new charter and found 
little difficulty in getting it. But when the bill 
went to Jackson for his signature, he vetoed it, 
and, as its friends had not enough votes to 
pass the bill over the veto, the bank was not 
rechartered. 
The only hope left was to defeat Jackson at the 
polls. But this, too, was a failure, for he was 
re-elected by greater majorities than he had 
received in 1828. This signal triumph was un- 
derstood by Jackson to mean that the people 
approved of his treatment of the bank. So he 
continued to hurt it all he could, and in 1833 
ordered his Secretary of the Treasury to re- 
move the money of the United States from the 
bank and its branches. This the Secretary, 
William J. Duane, refused to do; whereupon 
Jackson removed him and put another (Roger 
B. Taney) who would, in his place. After 
1833, therefore, the collectors of United States 
revenue ceased to deposit it in the Bank of the 
United States, and put it in State banks (''pet 
banks") named by the Secretary of the Treas- 



412 



ury. The money already on deposit was grad- 
ually drawn out, till none remained. 

Then (1833) the same thing happened that had 
occurred in 1811. The Legislature of every 
State was beset wdth applications for bank 
charters, and granted them. In 1832 there 
were but two hundred and eighty-eight State 
banks in the countr}^ In 1826 there were five 
hundred and eighty-three. Some were estab- 
lished in order to get deposits of the govern- 
ment money. Others were started for the pur- 
pose of issuing paper money with w^hich the 
bank officials might speculate. Others, of 
course, were founded with an honest purpose. 
But they all issued paper money, which the 
people borrowed on very poor security and 
used in speculation. 

At the very outset of Y-dii Buren's administra- 
tion a widespread crisis ensued. The experi- 
ence the government had thus twice passed 
through (1814 and 1837) led the people to be- 
lieve it ought not to keep its money in State 
banks. But just where the money should be 
kept was a disputed party question. The 
Whigs insisted on a third national bank like 
the old one Jackson had destroyed. Van Buren 
wanted w^hat was called an ''Independent 
Treasury," and after four attempts the act 
establishing it was passed in 1840. 

The law created four "receivers general" (one 
each at Boston, New^ York, Charleston, and St. 
Louis), to whom all money collected by the 
United States officials should be turned over. 



413 



and directed that '4'ooms, vaults, and safes" 
should be provided for the safe keeping of the 
money. 
Although the law was repealed in 1841, it was 
again enacted in 1846, and has since been an 
important part of the government's financial 
system, 

9. The Alabama Claims. — While important home 
problems were to be solved, our government 
did not for an instant forget the part which 
Great Britain had taken against us in allowing 
the Alabama and other vessels to be built in 
her ports for the purpose of destroying our 
shipping. When the claims were first brought 
to the attention of the government of England 
in 1863, it positively refused even to consider 
them. Two events, however, now occurred 
which caused England to change her mind. 
W^ar broke out between Germany and France, 
and England, fearing she might be drawn into 
the conflict, desired the friendship of the 
United States. The second event was a mes- 
sage Avhich President Grant sent to Congress, 
asking for an appropriation to pay the claims 
of private individuals for losses from the Ala- 
bama and other cruisers. England at once saw 
that she would soon have to deal with a debt 
due to the United States Government instead 
of to private citizens, and that President Grant 
was in earnest in the matter. 
England therefore asked for a commission to set- 
tle the differences between the countries. This 



414 

commission met at Washington and concluded a 
treaty (May 8, 1871). It was agreed:— 

(a) That the Alabama claims should be re- 

ferred to a commission at Geneva. 
This commission, composed of five 
members, named by the President of 
the United States, the queen of Eng- 
land, the king of Italy, the president 
of the Swiss Confederation, and the 
emperor of Brazil, met at Geneva and 
decided (September 14, 1872) that 
Great Britain should pay to the 
Ignited States fifteen million five hun- 
dred thousand dollars in gold. 

(b) That the fisheries dispute should be re- 

ferred to a commission. This commis- 
sion met at Halifax and decided (No- 
vember 27, 1877) that the United 
States should pay five million five hun- 
dred thousand dollars for the privilege 
of fishing on Canadian shores for 
twelve years. 

(c) That the question of our northwest 

boundary should be referred to the 
emperor of Germany. He decided in 
favor of the United States, giving it 
''the important archipelago of islands 
lying between the continent and Van- 
couver Island" (October 28, 1872). 
The settlement of this question left us 
for the first time in the history of the 
T'nitcMl States as a nation without a 



415 



question of disputed boundary be- 
tween us and the possessions of Great 
Britain on this continent. 
The truly great result of this Alabama question, 
however, was the adoption of arbitration in- 
stead of war for the settlement of differences 
between nations. 

Set 83. 

1. Henry Clay was called the Great Pacificator. 

2. Battle. War. 
Palo Alto. Mexican. 
Antietam. Civil. 
Saratoga. Revolutionary. 
Manila. Spanish- American. 

3. Introduction of slavery, 1619. 

Abolition of slavery, January 1, 1863, by the 
Emancipation Proclamation. 

4. The boundaries of Pennsylvania were for many 

years a subject of dispute. In 1763, Mason and 
Dixon, English surveyors and mathematicians, 
surveyed the southern boundary as far as the 
western limit of Maryland, marking it with 
stones one mile apart, every fifth stone having 
the Penn arms on the north side and the Bal- 
timore arms on the south side. This was the 
origin of the Mason and Dixon's line (39 de- 
grees, 43 minutes), in later years the conven- 
tional boundary between the free and the slave 
States. 



416 

5. Theodore Roosevelt. 

6. It has been said that we owe as much to the 

monetary skill of Robert Morris as to the di- 
plomacy of Franklin, or to the valor of Wash- 
ington. He repeatedly saved the army from 
ruin ; and when funds were wanted to outfit 
the expedition against Yorktown, he supplied 
the amount ($1,400,000) by his own notes. 

7. The President of the United States has the power 

of veto; also the Governor of each State has 
the power to veto bills passed by the Legis- 
lature of that State. 

8. (a) Purchase of Louisiana, 1803. 

(b) War of 1812. 

(c) Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 

1862. 

(d) Destruction of the Maine, February 15, 1898. 

(e) Annexation of Hawaii, July 7, 1898. 

9. Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands, the 

large group acquired by the United States by 
the war with Spain. 

10. "And, for the support of this declaration, with a 
firm reliance on the protection of Divine Prov- 
idence, we mutually pledge to each other our 
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." 

Set 84. 

1. Fathers Breboeuf and Lalemant, Father Mar- 
quette, Father Jogues, Father Pedro Martinez, 
Father White, Christopher Columbus, George 
Calvert, James Cartier. 



417 



2. The Mississippi was considered as the western 

boundary of the English colonies. 

3. John Paul Jones, Scotch; John Barry, Irish. 

4. The battle of Saratoga was the turning point of 

the Revolution. It secured the aid of France. 
France sent two hundred thousand dollars to 
aid the American cause, and in July, 1776, 
merchandise to the value of almost six hundred 
thousand dollars. At the same time she allowed 
American privateers to fit out in her ports. 

5. The Seneca tribe and a regiment of Tories led by 

Colonel John Butler invaded the Wyoming 
Valley in Pennsylvania. Fighting against over- 
whelming numbers, the brave American patriots 
were surrounded July 3, 1778, and defeated. 
The Indians put their captives to death with 
the most horrible tortures. The Tories rivaled 
in ferocity their savage allies. The beautiful 
valley was left a smoldering desert, and the 
women and children driven to the woods per- 
ished miserably. 

6. In 1783, the king of England acknowledged the 

independence of the United States. 

7. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 extended our 

western boundary to the Rocky Mountains. 

8. Andrew Jackson. 

9. John Adams and John Quincy Adams. 
William Henry Harrison was grandfather of 

Benjamin Harrison. 



418 

10. James Monroe's administration was called the 
"Era of Good Feeling," because it was a calm 
between two storms: the old political disputes 
of Federalists and Anti-Federalists and the 
coming "irresistible conflict" over the exten- 
sion of slavery. 

Set 85. 

1. As earl}^ as 1622, the Dutch had a trading post at 
Bergen, New Jersey. All the territory included 
in New York and New Jersey was at that time 
called New Amsterdam. In 1664 an English 
fleet appeared before New Amsterdam and de- 
manded the surrender of the fort and town. 
New Jersey thus fell into the hands of the Eng- 
lish. 

Charles II gave the Dutch territory to his brother, 
the Duke of York, and the name of this region 
was changed in liis honor to that of New York. 

James, Duke of York, sold the portion now called 
New Jersey to Sir George Carteret and Lord 
Berkelej^ It was then named New^ Jersey, in 
honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been 
governor of the Isle of Jerse}^, in the English 
Channel. 

In 1665 it was settled by English emigrants from 
Long Island under Philip Carteret, the first 
governor. In 1674, Berkeley sold his share to 
some Quakers, and the territory was divided 
into East and West Jersey; Carteret taking 
East Jersey, which he sold in 1682 to William 
Penn and others. 



419 



In 1702, the proprietors gave up their rights to 
the crown, and Queen Anne united New York 
and New Jersey under one governor. In 1738 
the two territories were again separated, and 
New Jersey was placed under a royal governor. 
In 1787, New Jersey received the Constitution, 
and became one of the ^'Original Thirteen" 
States. 

The sixteenth century was a great age in Europe. 
The art of printing from movable types, then 
newly invented, so vastly increased the num- 
ber of books that it became worth while for 
the people to learn to read. Thus, as knowl- 
edge became widespread, many began to think 
more about the world they lived in, and to in- 
vent easier and better ways to move about. 
Improvements in the mariner's compass made 
it safe for sailors to venture ou.t on the open 
ocean. A spirit of enlargement, the spirit of 
interest in the past, and curiosity about the 
world, called the Renaissance, had spread over 
Europe. 

During this time the conditions in Europe were 
especially favorable for discovery and commer- 
cial adventure. Europe was ready for new 
fields of activity, and each of the four nations 
on the western sea front— England, France, 
Spain, and Portugal— had a consolidated royal 
power, capable of directing new enterprises. 
Each had also an eager, seafaring people, ac- 
quainted with the new arts of navigation. 
The closing of the overland route to Asia by the 
Turks aroused the people to the necessity of 



420 



a route by sea, and a belief that the world is 
round suggested a western voyage to India. 
The announcement that Columbus had reached 
Asia aroused new national rivalries, and it was 
followed by many western voyages. About 
twenty years after Columbus' first voyage a 
fearful change w^as begun in Europe through 
the Protestant Reformation. In the end, the 
peoples of northwestern Europe became mostly 
Protestant, while those of the south remained 
Catholic. The monopoly of American trade and 
colonization by Spain aroused the spirit of the 
English. Thus each nation was eager to en- 
gage in explorations and discoveries. 
3. The settlers of Virginia were classed as gentlemen, 
tradesmen, and mechanics. As for farmers in 
search of work, we do not hear of any in the 
first expedition ; neither do we find any women 
among them. The settlers of Massachusetts 
were the Pilgrims, and unlike the Virginia ad- 
venturers, they took their wives and children 
with them, and came to live and die in America. 

The home life in Virginia v> as quite different from 
that of Massachusetts. The settlers were more 
intent upon finding gold than upon making 
new homes in the wilderness; for as soon as 
they became rich they intended to return to 
England. They lived in hovels and in tents, 
and some of them even in holes dug in the 
ground. The Pilgrims, on the other hand, lived 
in cabins rudely made of hewn planks. 

The settlers in Virginia had everything in com- 
mon. Each man had from the common stock 



421 



such food and clothing as it afforded, and all 
work was done for the company. An indus- 
trious man had no advantages over a man who 
spent his time in idleness. So no one cared to 
work much, and the colony was always near the 
point of starvation. As soon as each man 
worked for his own interests, the colony pros- 
pered. 
In Massachusetts, for a time, the settlers had 
everything in common. As the plan of working 
in common failed here as at Jamestown, land 
was assigned to each settler. Then abundance 
ensued. 
In the Virginia colony there was constant danger 
of attack by the Indians. The Indians lay in 
ambush near the settlement and killed every 
colonist that ventured out. At one time the 
colonists could buy no more corn of the unwill- 
ing savages. A terrible Indian massacre oc- 
curred in the spring of 1622. This led to a 
war with the Indians, who were finally subdued, 
and gave the settlers no more trouble for over 
twenty years. 
The settlers of Massachusetts made a treaty of 
peace with the Indians, which was not broken 
for more than half a century. 
Ill Virginia there was no system of public in- 
struction. The wealthy planters secured tutors 
for their sons or sent them to England to be 
educated. 
The common school system of New England came 
into existence shortly after the settlement of 



422 



the colony. The schools, however, were not, as 
a rule, fully maintained by taxation. 

4. Spain, France and England claimed North 

America just before the French and Indian 
War. The English claimed the best part so 
far as climate, soil and productions were con- 
cerned. They held the Atlantic seaboard. 
France was driven out of America. England re- 
ceived Canada, and all the land east of the 
Mississippi River except New Orleans. At the 
same time Spain ceded Florida to England for 
Cuba and the Philippines, which had been 
taken in 1762. Spain, on account of the help 
she had given to France, received all the land 
west of the Mississippi River as well as New 
Orleans. 

5. The Stamp Act was a law providing that all deeds, 

notes, bills, or other legal documents, should be 
written on stamped paper. 
There was great opposition to this act in the colo- 
nies. Prior to this taxes were levied by the 
colonists, and the principle was that those who 
paid taxes should have a voice in levying them. 
Under the "Stamp Act" a new principle was 
brought out, "taxation without representa- 
tion." The colonists insisted that they could 
be rightfully taxed only by their own assem- 
blies. They maintained that Parliament had 
no right to tax them, because they were not 
represented in Parliament. Famous speeches 
were made by Patrick Henry in Virginia and 
James Otis in Massachusetts against this prin- 
ciple. 



423 



The houses of British officials were mobbed. 
Prominent Loyalists were hanged in effigy. In 
South Carolina the people seized Fort John- 
son, where the stamped paper was stored, and 
sent the whole of it back to England. Not a 
single stamp was sold in all America. During 
the excitement over the Stamp Act, a congress 
to consider measures of resistance to it was 
called to meet in Xcav York, October 7, 1765. 
It was composed of delegates from nine colo- 
nies, among whom were some of the most emi- 
nent men in America. The congress adopted a 
declaration of rights and grievances. It firmly 
asserted the rights of the colonists to make all 
laws taxing themselves. 

As it vras obvious that the Stamp Act could not 
be enforced, it was repealed in 1766. The 
Stamp Act had caused great indignation in the 
colonies, and was one of the causes of the Rev- 
olutionary War. 

In 1781, it took two days to travel from Philadel- 
phia to New York. The stagecoach, then in use, 
was little better than a huge covered box 
mounted on springs. It had neither glass win- 
dow's, nor door, nor steps, nor closed sides. 
The roof was upheld by ten posts which rose 
from the body of the vehicle, and the body w^as 
commonly breast high. From the top were 
hung curtains of leather, to be rolled up when 
the day was fine, and let down and buttoned 
when it was rainy and cold. Within were four 
seats; without was the baggage. Fourteen 



424 



pounds of luggage Avere allowed to be carried 
free by each passenger. When the baggage had 
all been weighed, and strapped on the coach, 
when the horses had been attached, and the 
waybill, containing the names of the passen- 
gers made out, the passengers would clamber 
to their seats through the front of the stage 
and sit down with their faces toward the 
driver's seat. One pair of horses usually 
dragged the coach eighteen miles, when a fresh 
pair Avould be attached, and if all went well, 
you would be put down about ten at night at 
some wayside inn or tavern after a journey of 
forty miles. Cramped and weary, you would 
eat a frugal supper and hurry off to bed, with 
a notice from the landlord to be ready to start 
at three the next morning. Then, no matter 
if it rained or snowed, j^ou would be forced to 
make ready by the dim light of a horn lantern, 
for another ride of eighteen hours. When the 
Hudson River was reached a serious delay was 
almost certain to occur, for even in the best 
of weather it was no easy matter to cross the 
Hudson from New Jersey. When the wind 
was high and the water rough, or the river full 
of ice, the boldest did not dare to risk a cross- 
ing. Once over the river, you w^ould continue 
by coach till New York was reached, the entire 
trip taking two days. 

City and Event. 

Boston— Battle of Bunker Hill. 

New York— Occupied by the British, 1776. 



425 

Philadelphia— Howe entered Philadelphia, 

1777. 
Trenton — Battle of Trenton. 
Saratoga — Burgoyne 's surrender. 

(a) The king had issued a proclamation declar- 

ing the Americans to be rebels. 

(b) He had closed their ports and warned foreign 

nations not to trade with them. 

(c) He had hired seventeen thousand Hessians 

with whom to subdue them. 

These things made further obedience to the king 
impossible, and on May 15, 1776, Congress re- 
solved that it was ''necessary to suppress every 
kind of authority under the crown," and asked 
the colonies to form governments of their own 
and so become States. The Declaration of In- 
dependence was the necessary conclusion of 
the acts of the Congress in allowing the colonies 
to form their own governments, authorizing 
British war vessels to be captured, opening the 
ports of the colonies to all nations, forbidding 
the slave trade, and appointing Franklin, Jay, 
and others to maintain intercourse with the 
''friends of the colonies in Great Britain and 
elsewhere. ' ' 

The Declaration of Independence is a written doc- 
ument in which the colonists formally declared 
themselves free and independent and absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crowTi. It 
contains a statement of grievances and of the 
resolves of the colonies. 



426 



It was adopted by the Congress, at Philadelphia, 
on July 4, 1776, and was signed on that day 
by John Hancock, president of Congress, and 
a little later, about August 2d, by the delegates 
of all the colonies. 

9. (a) ''He has kept among us in times of peace, 
standing armies, without the consent of our 
legislatures. ' ' 
(b) "He has imposed taxes on us without our 

consent. ' ' 
Facts that prove charges. 

(a) The Quartering Act, making it legal to 

quarter troops on the people. 

(b) The tax on tea and other articles. 

10. (a) The chief executive of New Jersey is Gover- 
nor James F. Fielder. 

(b) The chief executive of Trenton is ]Mayor 

Fred. Donnelly. 

(c) Answers will differ. 

(d) The City Council attends to building streets 

and roads and all public buildings within 
and owned l\v the city. Laying water 
mains and controlling all utilities that 
might be owned by the city. ]\Iaking up 
a budget for the purpose of levying taxes 
to meet the expense of the city government. 
Passing all ordinances necessary to run 
the government and to regulate the sala- 
ries of the officials. 

(e) The State Legislature attends to appro- 

priating moneys necessary to pay the ex- 
pense of State officials and State institu- 



427 



tious. Regulating all public utility com- 
panies within the State. Making all 
ejection laws. Passing resolutions. Sub- 
mitting State constitutional amendments 
to the voters of the State for ratification, 
for instance, giving women the right to 
vote ; prohibiting the manufacture or sale 
of alcoholic liquors, etc. 

11. (a) To seek religious liberty — Maryland, Penn- 

sylvania, Massachusetts. 

(b) To establish homes for the debtors of Eng-- 

land — Georgia. 

(c) To gain v\'ealth — Virginia. 

12. The British had well-trained, well-disciplined 

forces, commanded by able generals. They 
had ample means and ships at their command, 
and had the aid of Canada and the secret aid 
of Tories. 
The Americans were fighting for their own inde- 
pendence and common interests, and were 
fighting on home soil. Some soldiers and com- 
manders had fought in the French and Indian 
War and thus received their training. The 
war was mainl}'- defensive on their part. 

18. Answers will vary according to year. 

1-1. The battles of Trenton and Princeton were the 
events in Xew Jerse}^ in the latter part of De- 
cember, 1776, and early in January, 1777. 
See Set 68, No. 10 (b) for accounts. 
The fires of patriotism were kindled afresh by 
these brilliant feats. Xew recruits were re- 



428 

ceived, and the troops whose term of enlist- 
ment was expiring were persuaded to remain 
a few weeks more. Nearly all of New Jersey 
was soon regained by the patriot forces. 

15. The Hessians come from Germany. They were 

sold to England by the Prince of Hesse-Cassel 
and other insignificant German rulers. They 
were not to blame for coming, for they were 
sold by their princes at a little less than thirty- 
five dollars per head. During the war about 
thirty thousand of these hired soldiers came 
over to fight the Americans. They were dis- 
liked by the Americans, and the name Hessian 
has since been looked upon with contempt. 

16. Yes, for it has given you all the privileges of a 

citizen of a free and independent republic. 
Yes ; they might now be in the same condition as 
the United States is today ; i. e., a free and in- 
dependent rej^ublic. 

17. The flags used by the Continental troops between 

1775 and 1777 were of at least a dozen differ- 
ent patterns. In 1776, in January, Washing- 
ton used one at Cambridge which seems to have 
been suggested by the ensign of the East India 
Company. That of this company was a com- 
bination of thirteen horizontal red and white 
stripes (seven red and six white) and the red 
cross of St. George. That of "Washington was 
the same, Avith the British Union Jack substi- 
tuted for the cross of St. George. After the 
Declaration of Independence, the British 
I'nion Jack was out of place on our flag; and 



429 

in June, 1777, Congress adopted a union of 
thirteen white stars in a circle on a blue ground 
in place of the British Jack. 

After Kentucky and Vermont were admitted, in 
1791 and 1792, the stars and stripes were each 
increased to fifteen. In 1818, the original 
number of stripes was restored, and since that 
time each new State, when admitted, is repre- 
sented by a star and not by a stripe. The flag 
now has forty-eight stars. 

The national flag gives protection to vessels at 
sea. By means of this flag w^e are knoAvn as 
people of the United States. It insures us the 
respect of other nations, and the protection of 
our own government, for the United States is 
responsible for those under her flag. 

The flag floats over nearty all school houses to 
teach the children patriotism, and to insure 
protection in time of danger. It is also a sign 
of loj^alty. 

19. Patrick Henry (1736-1799).— Patrick Henry was 
an orator and patriot w^hose memory is insep- 
arably linked with the early triumphs of lib- 
erty. He w^as a native of Virginia. Though a 
young man at the beginning of the struggle, 
his impassioned eloquence gave him a tremen- 
dous influence. Among the greatest triumphs 
of his eloquence was a speech in the Virginia 
convention (March, 1775). He insisted on the 
necessity of fighting for independence, and 
closed with the words, ' ' Give me liberty, or give 
me death." 



430 



Samuel Adams. — Samuel Adams, a second cousin 
of John Adams, was born in Boston in 1722. 
and was educated at Harvard College. When 
he took the Master of Arts degree he defended 
in his oration the right of the people to resist 
the Supreme Magistrate '4f the Common- 
monwealth cannot otherwise be preserved." 
He played a leading part in the resistance to 
England, and was one of the first to advocate 
political separation. He proposed the Con- 
gress of 1774, and was a signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence. He was a man of pure 
and incorruptible life ; he was always poor, 
and the king of England failed to buy him 
from the path of virtue. He died in 1803. 

Set 86. 

1-2 The language of the preamble (We, the people of 
the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, etc.), seems carefully to exclude 
the notion that the States were about to form 
a temporary league. One of the objects of the 
Constitution was to form a more perfect un- 
ion. But the Constitution of the existing 
union was entitled "Articles of Confederation 
and Perpetual Union." In other words, the 
delegates recommended a more perfect union 
than a perpetual one. It is difficult to per- 
ceive how language could more clearly describe 
the irrevocable nature of the compact about to 
be formed by the States. To enter the new 
confederation no coercion was employed. 



431 



Once the Commonwealths had entered, how- 
ever, there was no method provided by the 
Constitution for retracing their steps. In this 
view secession was a remed}^ outside the Con- 
stitution. Whether there was sufficient justi- 
fication for resorting to such a remedy is a 
subject that more nearly concerns the political 
than the constitutional history of the United 
States. 

To emphasize the issue of preserving the Union, 
and to make it clear that the war was not in- 
augurated to free the slaves, the National 
House of Representatives, with only two nega- 
tive votes, voted, July 22, 1861, ^^That this war 
is not waged upon our part in any spirit of 
• oppression, or for any purpose of conquest or 
subjection, or purpose of overthrowing or in- 
terfering with the rights or established insti- 
tutions of those States, but to defend and 
maintain the supremacy of the Constitution 
and to preserve the Union with all the dignity, 
equality, and rights of the several States unim- 
paired." 

NuUificaiion. — In John Quincy Adams's admin- 
istration a high tariff was laid, called the 
"American System." Its object was to keep 
foreign goods out of this country by placing a 
high tax upon them and thus protect the home 
manufacturers. The North had all the fac- 
tories. It thus received all the benefit of the 
tariff, while the South, being agricultural in 
its pursuits, did not receive any benefit, and 
since it bought most of its goods from Eng- 



432 



land, it really had to pay the increased taxes. 
The South, therefore, opposed this method of 
taxation. In 1833, South Carolina refused to 
pay the tax upon imported goods, saying that 
the law which imposed such a tax was ''null 
and void." This action of the State of South 
Carolina in declaring a law passed by Con- 
gress null and void has been termed ''nullifi- 
cation." Nullification means the refusal of a 
State to obey a law of Congress. 

President Jackson sent an armed force to Charles- 
ton to see that the taxes upon imported goods 
were paid. The people of South Carolina 
paid the taxes reluctantly. The opposition, 
however, caused a change in the tariff. Henry 
Clay had a compromise tariff passed by Con- 
gress, which provided for the gradual re- 
duction of the obnoxious tariff until a certain 
point was reached, where it was to remain. 

Secession was defended by Southern conventions 
and public men substantially on the follovN'ing 
grounds : — 

(a) That the North was bent on making 

money for itself, and was no longer 
interested in the general welfare of 
the Union. The charge was later 
made that the tariff discriminated 
against the South; but in the dis- 
cussions of 1860 the South made no 
complaint of the existing tariff of 
1857. 

(b) That the North misinterpreted the Con- 

stitution, and would not admit the 



433 



doctrine of State rights and secession ; 
that the Republicans were even op- 
posed to the Dred Scott decision, and 
meant to overturn it ; and that by the 
personal liberty laws the Northern 
States defied their constitutional obli- 
gations. 

(c) That the North hated slavery, insisted 

on discussing it, and allowed abolition 
meetings and newspapers publicly to 
speak abusively of the slaveholders; 
and that the Northern people ap- 
proved of John Brown's attempt to 
cause a slave insurrection, 

(d) That the growth of slavery was checked, 

because the North was determined not 
to admit any more slave States, nor to 
annex any more slaveholding terri- 
tory, and was trying to draw a ''cor- 
don of free States" around the South, 
and thus slowly to strangle slavery. 

(e) That the election of Lincoln was an act 

of hostility, a sectional victory, which 
meant an attack on slavery in the 
States. 

A "Peace Congress" was called by the border 
States at Washington, February 4, 1861, at the 
suggestion of Virginia, and twenty-one States 
were represented. This body sat for a month 
with closed doors, and made a report which 
was substantially the Crittenden Compromise; 
but nothing was accomplished, as neither the 



434 



Senate nor the House of Representatives would 
recommend its adoption. 

3. The war for the Union began on April 12, 1861. 
The Confederates under General Beauregard 
fired the first shot at Fort Sumter. 
Advantages of the No7ih. — The North had the ad- 
vantage of a larger population, greater wealth, 
more abundant food supplies, and a govern- 
ment with all its machinery in perfect opera- 
tion. It had machine shops, also, and multi- 
tudes of skilled mechanics capable of producing 
whatever might be needed in that direction. 
It had great factories in which clothing, shoes, 
wagons, arms, ammunition and everything else 
necessary to war could be made abundantly, 
while the South had none of these. The North 
had ships, also, and shipyards in which to build 
more. The government at Washington was 
able to shut up all the Southern ports with a 
blockading squadron almost from the begin- 
ning. This prevented the South from selling 
her cotton abroad, and.it prevented her from 
buying in other countries the arms, ammuni- 
tions, clothing, medicines, and machinery which 
she needed for war. The Northern base of sup- 
plies would be safe from attack, as the South 
was acting on the defensive, and it would be 
so looked upon by other nations. 
Advantages of the South. — On the other hand, the 
people of the Southern States were more mili- 
tary in their habits than those of the North, 
and more accustomed to outdoor life and to the 



485 



use of firearms and the management of liorses. 
The long and rapid marches which the South- 
ern soldiers sometimes made, and their endur- 
ance of hardship, were wonderful. The South 
had also the advantage of fighting on the de- 
fensive. Her armies moved upon shorter inside 
lines and fought mostly in regions where the 
people were on their side. The South had 
commanders trained in the national military 
school of West Point and in the wars of the 
Union. Since the negroes did the hard work 
at home, nearly all the able-bodied white men 
could be enlisted. From the first, the South 
was commanded by three of the ablest generals, 
Lee, Johnston, and Jackson, while the North 
Avas constantly changing its commanding gen- 
erals. Because the South was acting on the 
defensive it had the advantage of fighting on 
its own ground, and so was familiar with the 
lay of the land and could protect its weak 
points; but the North could strike at any 
point, and the South must be ready to gather 
forces quickly and protect any unexpected 
point of attack. 
Much to the disappointment of the United States, 
at the very outset of the war, even before a 
battle had been fought. Great Britain acknowl- 
edged (May 13, 1861) the belligerent rights of 
the Confederacy. This proclamation forbade 
Englishmen from taking part in the war on 
either side. It did not acknowledge the inde- 
pendence of the Confederacy, but declared that 
war existed between the sections. France and 



436 



other European governments soon followed 
with similar proclamations. 
The people of Europe stood for the freedom of 
slaves and sided with the North, but the Eng- 
lish government sided with the South. The 
stoppage of trade caused a cotton famine in 
England. The South hoped this w^ould induce 
England to come to her aid. In the beginning 
England had a large supply of cotton on hand, 
and by the time it was exhausted it looked as 
though the North would win, so the manufac- 
turers of the central and northwest of Eng- 
land suffered rather than buy Southern cotton. 
In 1861, earl}^ in the war, the English govern- 
ment had declared belligerency, because the 
North had blockaded the South. This meant 
war. England sent over privateers to prey 
upon our vessels, but in the treaty made at 
Washington, England paid fifteen and one-half 
million dollars, claims for damages done by the 
Alabama, a privateer. 

4. New Orleans, with its commanding position at the 

mouth of the Mississippi, was invaluable to the 
South. The capture of this city gave the North 
control of the Mississippi River from its mouth 
to Port Hudson. 
The battle of Gettysburg checked Lee's second in- 
vasion of the North; turned the tide of the 
war in favor of the Union ; from that time the 
Confederacy waned; and it was the turning 
point of the war. 

5. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by 

Lincoln as a fit and necessary war measure. 



437 



He issued it by virtue of the power vested in 
him as "Commander-in-chief of the Army and 
Navy of the United States." He believed it 
to be an act of justice, warranted by the Con- 
stitution upon military necessity. He made 
up his mind that the best way to save the 
Union was to free the slaves. So far the war 
had been one for the preservation of the 
Union. By making it a war for union and 
freedom, the North would become more earn- 
est than ever. If the North engaged in a war 
for the abolition of slavery, the people of Eng- 
land would not allow the independence of the 
Confederacy to be acknowledged b}^ their 
rulers. 

The Emancipation Proclamation was a declara- 
tion issued b}^ President Lincoln freeing the 
slaves in the seceded States. 

The most important immediate result of the 
proclamation was the employment of negroes 
and fugitive slaves in the armies of the Union. 
The good effects of the proclamation were at 
once seen abroad, where the friends of the 
Union in England in 1863 prevented a last 
effort to have Great Britain and France 
''mediate" in the struggle. 

6. Summary of the Results of the Civil War. 

(a) In the Union armies, over three hundred 
thousand men were killed in battle or 
died of wounds or disease, and two hun- 
dred thousand more were crippled for 
life. If the Confederate armies suf- 



438 



fered as heavily, the country thus lost 
one million able-bodied men. Some idea 
of the maiming effects of war may be 
obtained from the fact that the United 
States provided more than seven thou- 
sand artificial limbs for disabled sol- 
diers. 
(b) As for property, no free territory was in- 
vaded except Pennsylvania and Ohio, 
for a few days; and the destruction of 
Northern merchant vessels amounted to 
only twenty million dollars. The loyal 
border States, as well as the South, how- 
ever, were invaded at many different 
points and devastated by marching 
armies, both Union and Confederate. 
Thousands of homes were burned, the 
business of cities was for months sus- 
pended, the cotton crop was nearly a 
dead loss. The whole South was com- 
mercially ruined, while the North, in 
spite of its immense expenses, had more 
men, more capital, and more money at 
the end of the war than at the begin- 
ning. The South felt also that it had 
lost four million slaves valued in 1860 
at two billion dollars. The slaveholding 
families did lose the opportunity of 
turning their human property into cash ; 
but most of the negroes were still on the 
ground and ready to work the land; 
and the community was no poorer for 
the change. 



439 



(c) The national debt rose to nearly three bil- 

lions of dollars, to which must be added 
the debts incurred by States and muni- 
cipalities. When to this is added the 
amount paid for pensions, and the loss 
of property and wages, the total cost is 
simply beyond calculation. 

(d) Reconstruction. 

Views of Congress and President Lin- 
coln. 

1. Congress said that the Southern 

States had destroyed themselves 
and were no longer States, but 
Territories, and as such again 
must be admitted to the Union. 

2. Lincoln differed from Congress. 

He said that a Southern State 
by secession had not destroyed 
itself, and therefore could come 
back into the Union at its own 
desire. 
President Johnson's Vieivs. 

Johnson declared that the seceded 
States could be admited again by 

1. Declaring the ordinance of se- 

cession null and void. 

2. By repudiating their war debt. 

3. By accepting the Thirteenth 

Amendment. 
Congress did not think this sufficient and 
passed the Fourteenth Amendment, 
which must also be ratified. 



440 



Military governments were appointed in 
all States that had seceded except Ten- 
nessee. Eight States were again read- 
mitted, but three refused to accept these 
conditions. After the passage of the 
Fifteenth Amendment it was required 
that the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and 
Fifteenth Amendments should be adop- 
ted by the remaining States. This they 
did, and were readmitted in 1870. 

(e) After the Civil War the Thirteenth 

Amendment was passed to free the 
slaves everywhere in the Union. It was 
adopted December 18, 1865. The Four- 
teenth Amendment was adopted July 28, 
1868. The Fifteenth Amendment was 
adopted March 30, 1870. 

(f) The New South began in 1875. Cities 

were rapidl.y built up, towns and vil- 
lages increased. Specie payments were 
resumed in 1879. 

7-8. Slavery. — Slavery was introduced into the James- 
town colony in 1610 by the Dutch. A Dutch 
vessel sailed up the James River vrith twenty 
negroes, who were sold as slaves to the planters. 
This was the beginning of slavery in Virginia, 
and it increased until at last there were slaves 
in every colony in America. 
The growth of slavery was more rapid in the 
South than in the North on account of indus- 
trial conditions. The raising of tobacco, and 
the cultivation of rice and indigo in the South- 



441 



ern colonies, caused negro slaves to be in great 
demand. There were never a great many of 
them in New England, and such as there were 
were kept mostly as house servants. 

There were many negroes in New York and Phil- 
adelphia, but not many in the country regions 
round about, where wheat was the principal 
crop. Wheat did not require much hard labor. 
Rice, tobacco and indigo were the crops for 
which the negroes were needed. After the 
Revolution, slavery was gradually given up in 
the North, where slave labor was not profitable. 
Thus, by degrees, slavery was abolished in the 
North, thereby forming a solid block of ter- 
ritory from the Atlantic to the ^Mississippi 
north of Mason and Dixon's line and north of 
the Ohio River, in which slavery was dead or 
dying. 

In the Constitutional Convention, slavery was in 
question in the Second Compromise, when a 
decision was to be given whether or not slaves 
were to be counted as population. It was 
agreed that three-fifths of all slaves should be 
counted as population for the purpose of ap- 
portioning representation. In the Third Com- 
promise, slave trade was discussed, and it was 
agreed that Congress was not to prohibit the 
slave trade for twenty years, or before 1808. 

Before the invention of the cotton gin it had not 
been profitable to raise cotton, because of the 
difficulty of removing the seeds. Whitney's 
gin greatly lessened this labor, and cotton be- 
came the great staple crop of all the far South- 



442 



ern States. Negro slaves were the best laborers 
in the cotton fields, and so slavery came to be 
a valuable labor system in the South. 

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited 
slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the 
parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes, with the ex- 
ception of Missouri, which was admitted as a 
slave State. This adjusted the slavery ques- 
tion for a time, but the dissatisfaction in the 
North with the Missouri Compromise laid the 
foundation of abolitionism. In 1850, the 
slavery question necessitated another compro- 
mise known as the Compromise of 1850, or the 
Omnibus Bill. By this bill, the slavery ques- 
tion seemed to be pretty well provided for. 
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 renewed the 
contest between the North and the South which 
had been thought settled by the Compromise 
of 1850. It declared the Missouri Compromise 
of 1820 null and void, and helped to increase 
slavery b}^ giving the settlers of Kansas and 
Nebraska the right to decide for themselves 
whether or not they wished slavery. 

By the Emancipation Proclamation, issued for the 
first time on September 22, 1862, Lincoln freed 
the slaves in the seceded States. To free the 
slaves in the loyal slave States, the Fifteenth 
Amendment was passed. The Fourteenth 
Amendment made the freed negro a citizen of 
the United States and gave him the right to 
sue in the Federal courts. The Fifteenth 
Amendment secured for him the right to vote, 
declarinsj that he would not be denied the 



443 



right of suffrage on account of race, color, or 
previous condition of servitude. 

The leaders in the South now feel that it is bet- 
ter for the South to be without slaves. In the 
hearts of many of the real Southerners there 
is still a feeling that the negro is far beneath 
the white. They cannot forget that he was 
once their slave. One proof of this is the dis- 
tinction made when traveling, the negro and 
white do not occupy the same coach. Some of 
the old Southern families have not yet recov- 
ered from the reverses of the war. 

The South is better off without slavery, because 
the whites have learned to work, it has broken 
down society castes. In a manufacturing and 
commercial sense, the South has greatly im- 
proved since the abolishment of slavery. 

9. (a) The invention of spinning and weaving ma- 
chines and power looms, driven by steam 
power or electricity, have taken the spin- 
ning wheel and loom out of the home and 
lightened women's work in the home. 

These inventions have greatly lessened the 
cost of textiles to the consumer, and at the 
same time increased the manufacturer's 
profits and the laborers ' wages. They also 
increased the supply of textiles; machine- 
made factory products requiring less time 
than household manufactures. 

This stimulated the growth of cities. In 1790 
there were very few towns, nearly all the 
people lived in the country; but in 1860 



444 



there were one hundred and forty cities 
and large towns, in which lived one-sixth 
of the total population. 

(b) The invention of machines for planting the 
seed, the reaper, the mower, threshing 
machines, and self-binder have lightened 
men's work in the field. 
They have rendered profitable the cultiva- 
tion of the Western wheat fields, thus 
opening the Avestern section of the United 
States for immigration. 
10. (a) McClellan, as major-general, at the begin- 
ning of the Civil War, was entrusted with 
command in West Virginia, where he 
broke up Garnett's army. In August, 
1861, he became commander of the Army 
of the Potomac, and in November he suc- 
ceeded General Scott as commander-in- 
chief. McClellan 's services in organizing 
the army were invaluable. He commanded 
through the Peninsula campaign, executing 
his famous '^ change of base." He was 
relieved of the command, reappointed Sep- 
tember 7, 1862, after Pope's disasters, and 
commanded in the Antietam campaign. 
On November 7th he was removed from 
command. 

(b) Georgia, on account of Sherman's March to 
the Sea. Virginia, because most of the 
battles were fought there. Louisiana, on 
account of the blockade and the destruc- 
tion of cotton at New Orleans. Missis- 
sippi, on account of the siege of Vieksburg. 



445 



(a) Tlie Xon-Importation Act. — In April, 1806, 

Congress passed an act forbidding the im- 
portation from England to America of 
certain articles which could be made in 
this country. The object of this was to 
teach England the importance of the 
American market for her goods, and thus 
compel better treatment for our merchant 
ships. The measure failed to accomplish 
its purpose and was soon repealed. 

The Emhargo Acf.— This act of 1807 forbade 
American vessels to set sail to any foreign 
port and foreign vessels to load in Amer- 
ican ports. This completely destroyed our 
commerce, and the trade of the world was 
carried on in English vessels. 

The Non-Intcreourse Acts. — These acts were 
passed in 1809 after the repeal of the Em- 
bargo Act. By these acts, American ves- 
sels could trade with all nations except 
England and France. 

(b) Non-importation agreements had accom- 

plished the purpose for which they were 
intended after the War of 1812. Their 
purpose was to teach England the im- 
portance of the American market for her 
goods, and thus compel better treatment 
of our ships. After the war, England re- 
spected our rights as a nation. 

(c) These acts increased home manufactures and 

led to many internal improvements. When 
the people found they could not obtain 
the goods needed from England, they be- 



446 



gan to manufacture them at home. In- 
crease in manufacture led to improvements 
in means and ways of transportation. 

12. Louisiana was purchased from Napoleon in 1803 

for the sum of fifteen million dollars. 
By a treaty (1819) Spain ceded Florida to the 

United States, and the United States agreed to 

pay five million dollars worth of claims held 

by Americans against Spain. 
Texas applied (1844) for admission to the Union 

and was accepted the day before the close of 

Tyler 's administration. 
Oregon was discovered in 1792, and confirmed by 

British treaty in 1846. 
By the treaty at the close of the Mexican War 

(1848), the United States acquired California. 

13. (a) No person shall be a Senator who shall not 

have attained the age of thirty years and 
been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that State for which he 
shall be chosen. 

(b) Xo person shall be a Representative who shall 

not have attained to the age of twenty-five 
years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

(c) Two. James E. Martine, 1917; William 

Hughes, 1919. 

(d) There are twelve Representatives from New 

Jersev. After the census is taken, Con- 



44; 



gress fixes the ratio of representation. 
The population of the State is divided by 
this ratio to determine the number of 
Kepresentatives to Congress. (Ratio in 
1914, 211,431.) Trenton and Mercer 
County are in the Fourth Congressional 
District. Its Representative in United 
States Congress is Allan B. Walsh (1914). 
(a) Aerial navigation has progressed so that dur- 
ing the year 1913, aeroplane voyages were 
made across the Pyrenees from Pan to 
Madrid ; across the Alps from Switzerland 
to Italy ; across the English Channel from 
Paris to London; from Key West to 
Havana ; from Paris to Warsaw ; around 
the Mediterranean Sea, by way of Turkey, 
from France to Cairo, Egypt, Many aero- 
plane records were broken, and many dar- 
ing feats performed, such as "looping the 
loop" as many as six times in succession, 
and flying head downward. A Zeppelin 
airship exploded high in air, killing 
twenty-five persons. 

The loss of life in aviation in 1913 was two 
hundred and nine. This brings the total to 
four hundred and ninety-seven. 

A one-day flight across the Atlantic Ocean 
is to be attempted. The course is to be 
from Newfoundland to Ireland. Mr. Rod- 
man Wanamaker is contributing the large 
amount of money needed. Glenn H. Cur- 
tiss, the famous aviator, has designed the 
machine, which is now nearing completion. 



448 

It is to be a far more powerful machine than 
any aeroplane now in use. The engine 
will be of two hundred horse-power, while 
one hundred horse-power is the most that 
any aeroplane now has. The average 
speed is calculated at sixtj^-five miles an 
hour. Gasolene can be carried, enough to 
make the dash to Ireland a matter of a 
single flight. There will be two pilots. 

This machine will be made somewhat like a 
boat ; so that if it drops into the ocean it 
will float and can be propelled by its own 
power. But it is expected to remain at a 
height of about two miles. 

This will undoubtedly be the most sensa- 
tional event in aeronautics so far. 
(b) The answer to this will vary, as the tariff is 
constantly changing. 

15. (a) See Set 50, No. 6, for boundaries. 

(b) New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. 

Set 87. 

1. (a) The desire to find a new, shorter and safer 
route to Asia and the East Indies led to 
the discovery of the New World. 
(b) If Columbus had lived in 1522, he w^ould have 
learned that he had discovered a new con- 
tinent, and had not, as he supposed, 
reached India. Magellan's circumnaviga- 
tion of the globe in 1522 proved Columbus' 
discoverv of a new continent. 



449 

2. (a) The first settlers came to an uninhabited re- 

gion, where they had no homes. They had 
to set about clearing forests, cutting down 
trees with which to build rude dwellings. 
They were unaccustomed to the climate 
and hardships accompanying such a life, 
and in consequence of this many became 
sick and died. They had poor food, and 
often suffered greatly from famine and at- 
tacks of the Indians. 

(b) See Set 62, No. 14 (a). The French settled 

along the St. Lawrence and Mississippi 
Rivers; the Dutch, along the Hudson 
River in New York; the English, along 
the James and Delaware Rivers. 

(c) See Set 62, No. U (b). 

3. See Set 37, No. 2. 

4. (a) See Set 85, No. 1. 

5. (a) Many things were looked upon as crimes in 

Colonial days and were punished by law; 
whereas no cognizance is taken of them 
now. Amusements were prohibited, and 
gayety w^as deemed sinful. No one under 
twenty years of age w^as allowed to use 
tobacco; those over that age could smoke 
once a day, but only at a distance of ten 
miles from any dwelling. For shooting 
fowl on Sunday, a man was whipped. 
Lying, scolding, swearing, getting drunk, 
all were criminal, and each had its ap- 
pointed punishment. The swearer was us- 
ually made to stand in a public place with 



450 



his tongue in a cleft stick. Sometimes lie 
was fined or set in the stocks, or impris- 
oned, and in some instances even his 
tongue was bored through with a hot iron. 
The unhappy housewife whose temper got 
the better of her wisdom, was not over- 
looked. Scolds were gagged and obliged 
to stand at their doors at certain hours, 
that passers-by might see their disgrace. 
Those who remained outside of the meet- 
ing-house on Sundays Avere admonished by 
the constable, and on a second offence, they 
were set in the stocks. Such was the severe 
spirit of the laws at that time, 
(b) Among the penalties, for a common scold, 
was the ducking-stool. It was a chair 
fastened to a long plank, the middle of the 
plank resting on a cross-piece of wood. 
This was taken to the water 's edge ; the 
woman tied in the chair, and then she was 
dipped in the water as often as seemed 
necessary to inflict an adequate punish- 
ment. 
For some offences men were placed in the 
stocks with head and hands and feet held 
fast, while boys and men pelted them with 
eggs. This punishment was usually in- 
flicted on a day of public gathering, so 
that the culprit should be known to all 
the people, and perhaps be shamed into 
better behavior. The pillory was a wooden 
frame in which the head and hands of the 
offender were held fast, while he was ex- 



451 



posed to the taunts and sneers of the 
crowd. 
For profane swearing, men were punished 
by pinching their tongues with a split 
stick, and sometimes by a fine also. For 
worse offences, men were whipped at ''the 
cart's tail" from village to village, or 
branded in the hand with a hot iron, or 
had their ears cropped. Somtimes the cul- 
prit was made to wear on the breast a 
letter indicative of the crime, 
(c) There were more slaves in the Southern col- 
onies than in the Northern colonies, be- 
cause slavery was unprofitable in the 
North. Rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton 
were the crops for which the negro was 
needed, and as these were raised in the 
South, negro slaves came into great de- 
mand there. Again, the climate in the 
North did not agree with the negro, 
whereas that in the South did. The few 
slaves in the Northern colonies were kept 
mostly as house servants. 

6. Holland, because she gave her subjects religious 

liberty. 

7. (a) Many of the church buildings were handsome 

and commodious. The able-bodied popu- 
lation Avas required to go to service. 
Three abreast, they marched to the church, 
where every man set down his musket 
within easy reach. Pews were carefully 
assigned according to the social position 



452 



of the attendants. The elders and deacons 
took their seats in front of the preacher's 
desk, which was somewhat elevated and to 
one side of the church. The pews were 
arranged some to the right of the preach- 
er's desk, some to the left, and some facing 
it. The old men, the young men, the 
young women, and the older ones had their 
separate places. The boys were kept in or- 
der by a constable. 

(b) There were so few schools in Virginia in 

1693 because education was strongly op- 
posed by the governors of that colony. 
Besides, Virginia consisted of separate and 
widely distributed plantations, and could 
not maintain schools. 

(c) Education. — The Eastern Colonies. — Next to 

their religion, the Puritans prized educa- 
tion. When Boston was but six years old, 
money was appropriated to the seminary 
at Cambridge, which afterwards grew to 
be Harvard College (1636). For a time 
each family gave a peck of corn or a shill- 
ing in cash for its support. Common 
schools had already been provided, and 
soon (1647) every town was ordered to 
have a free school, and, if it contained 
over one hundred families, a grammar 
school. In Connecticut, any town that did 
not keep a school for three months in the 
year was liable to a fine. In 1700, ten 
ministers brought together a number of 
books for the founding of Yale College. 



453 



This was first established at Saybrook, but 
Avas soon removed to New Haven. 

The Middle Colonies had many schools scat- 
tered through the tow^ns. In the English 
period some of the schools were kept by 
Dutch masters, who taught English as an 
accomplishment. As early as 1702 an act 
was passed for the "Encouragement of a 
Grammar Free School in the City of New 
York." In 1795, George Clinton laid the 
foundation of the common school system 
of the State, and within three years nearly 
sixty thousand children were receiving in- 
struction. Delaware is said to have had 
the first girls' school in the colonies The 
first school in Pennsylvania was started 
the year Philadelphia was founded. 

The Southern Colonies met with great diffi- 
culties in their efforts to establish schools. 
Virginia can boast of the second oldest col- 
lege in the colonies — William and Mary's 
(1692), the only one aided by the British 
government — yet her English governors 
bitterly opposed the progress of educa- 
tion. Governor Berkeley, of whose haughty 
spirit we have already heard, said "I 
thank God there are no free schools nor 
printing presses here, and I hope we shall 
not have them these hundred years." 
Free schools were established in Maryland 
in 1696, and a free school in Charleston 
in 1712. Private schools were early es- 



454 



tablished by the colonists in every neigh- 
borhood. 

8. (a) Causes of Immigration. 

1. Religions dispntes in the mother coun- 

tries — Maryland, Pennsylvania, Mas- 
sachusetts, the Carolinas. 

2. Desire for gold or land — Virginia. 

3. Love of adventure — Virginia. 

4. To escape miseries brought upon them 

by the wars that desolated their coun- 
try, also a desire to escape military 
service — Settlement of Germantovvn 
and increase of German immigration 
into Pennsylvania. 

5. Trading purposes — New Amsterdam. 
(b) The Catholics in Maryland, the Quakers in 

Pennsylvania during the lifetime of Wil- 
liam Penn, did, by their spirit of religious 
toleration, try to keep from occurring here 
the evils which had forced them to leave 
the old country. 

The Puritans in Massachusetts did not. 

Oglethorpe tried by his laws to work for the 
good of the people, but the peole felt that 
such laws as his took away the motive for 
improvement of their property, and many 
left the colony. 

9. At the age of sixteen, George Washington be- 

came surveyor of lands belonging to Lord Fair- 
fax. This gave him a knowledge of the coun- 
try and of outdoor life. When nineteen years 
of age he was appointed adjutant-general, with 



455 

the rank of major, to inspect and exercise the 
militia in one of the districts into which Vir- 
ginia was divided. He proved himself thor- 
oughly efficient in this post of duty, and this 
enabled him during the Kevolution to drill and 
organize the patriot army with great skill and 
prudence. 
In 1753 he was sent by Governor Dinwiddle on 
a dangerous mission to the officer commanding 
the French forces on the banks of the Ohio. 
This gave him a training in diplomacy. Soon 
after his return, he was appointed lieutenant- 
colonel. He accompanied General Braddock 
on his ill-fated campaign, behaving ''with the 
greatest courage and resolution." This gave 
him an insight into Indian warfare, and the 
presence of mind needed in a leader in the mo- 
ment of danger. In 1756, he was appointed to 
the chief command of a force of two thousand 
men, and was engaged in the arduous work of 
protecting the Virginia frontier. All these 
events trained him for his part in the War of 
the Revolution. 
10. (a) England had struggled with France, Holland 
and Spain for control of North America. 
(b) France was driven out of America; Spain 
was driven west of the Mississippi River. 
In 1664, New Netherlands became an Eng- 
lish possession, called New York. The re- 
sult of all these struggles was that England 
owned Canada and the eastern portion of 
North America from the Atlantic to the 
Mississippi. 



456 

11. (a) The severe measures of the Navigation Acts 

cut off Colonial trade and profits in order 
to swell the trade and profits of England. 
The colonists were not allowed to trade 
with any country except Great Britain, 
where everything had to be bought of Eng- 
lish merchants. They refused to do this, 
and smuggled goods from other countries 
into America. 
(b) In order to detect smugglers, British custom 
officers in the colonies applied to the courts 
for ''writs of assistance" which authorized 
them to search any private buildings for 
suspected smuggled goods, on suspicion 
only. 

12. (a) The Stamp Act was, considered in itself, not 

nearly so harmful to the colonists as the 
decision of the British government to en- 
force the laws that restricted trade, but 
the Stamp Act was good ground to fight 
on. The colonists could hardly make their 
fight for the right to smuggle goods, but 
their right to tax themselves and not to be 
taxed by anybody else was a doctrine that 
they might stand on. The Stamp Act 
aroused the spirit of the colonists to resist 
taxation by England. It was one of the 
principal causes of the Revolutionary War. 

(b) The Tories were those in the colonies who 

were friendly to the British king and op- 
posed to independence. 

(c) The Whigs were those in the colonies who 

opposed the British tyranny. 



457 

13. (a) The Navigation Laws compelled the colonists 

to sell their products only to England, and 
to buy there whatever they needed. Thus 
English merchants could charge a high 
price for their goods, and give but a small 
price for goods from the colonies. These 
laws destroyed the shipbuilding of the 
colonies. 
(b) See Set 81, No. 2. 

14. (a) Yes, it is better to win a victory by strategy 

than by fighting, because of the saving of 
human lives. 
(b) Forts Crown Point and Ticonderoga were 
captured in this way. 
15-16. The First Continental Congress met at Phila- 
delphia, September, 1774. It drew up the 
the following measures : — 
(a) A declaration of rights. 
^' (b) A non-intercourse agreement. 

(c) An appeal to the people of Great 

Britain. 

(d) An address to the people of Canada. 

(e) A petition to the king. 

The Second Continental Congress met at Phil- 
adelphia, May, 1775. It drew up the fol- 
lowing measures: — 

(a) A petition to the king. 

(b) The members voted to ecpiip an army 

of twenty thousand men. 

(c) They authorized an issue of two mil- 

lion dollars in paper monej^ 

(d) George Washington was elected com- 

mander-in-chief. 



458 

17. (a) The "Declaration of Independence" is the 
immortal document drawn up by the mem- 
bers of the Continental Congress, in which 
they severed all allegiance to the British 
crown, and declared themselves free and 
independent. 
(b) It was framed to give public statement of 
the reasons for war and separation. The 
colonists regarded all efforts at reconcil- 
iation with England as hopeless, and de- 
termined to suppress all forms of royal 
authority. They gave expression to their 
feelings in the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, in which they set forth the reasons 
for their separation, and the grievances 
against the king of England. 



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